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Nā paheʻe e hōʻike ana i ʻekolu ʻatikala no kēlā me kēia paheʻe. E hoʻohana i nā pihi hoʻi a me ka aʻe e neʻe ai ma waena o nā paheʻe, a i ʻole nā ​​pihi hoʻokele paheʻe ma ka hopena e neʻe ai ma waena o kēlā me kēia paheʻe.
ʻO ka haumia Cadmium (Cd) kahi mea hoʻoweliweli i ka mahi ʻana i ka mea kanu lāʻau lapaʻau Panax notoginseng ma ka Panalāʻau ʻo Yunnan. Ma lalo o nā kūlana o ke kaumaha Cd exogenous, ua hana ʻia kahi hoʻokolohua kahua e hoʻomaopopo i ka hopena o ka noi lime (0.750, 2250 a me 3750 kg bm-2) a me ka pīpī waikawa oxalic (0, 0.1 a me 0.2 mol l-1) ma ka hōʻiliʻili Cd. a me ka hana antioxidant Nā ʻāpana ʻōnaehana a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau e pili ana iā Panax notoginseng. Ua hōʻike nā hopena e hiki i ka pīpī quicklime a me ka foliar me ka waikawa oxalic ke hoʻonui i nā pae Ca2+ ma Panax notoginseng ma lalo o ke kaumaha Cd a hōʻemi i ka ʻawahia Cd2+. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka lime a me ka waikawa oxalic i hoʻonui i ka hana o nā enzymes antioxidant a hoʻololi i ka metabolism o nā osmoregulators. Ua piʻi nui ka hana CAT, e piʻi ana he 2.77 mau manawa. Ua piʻi ka hana kiʻekiʻe loa o SOD ma 1.78 mau manawa i ka wā i mālama ʻia ai me ka waikawa oxalic. Ua emi ka nui o MDA ma 58.38%. Aia kahi pilina koʻikoʻi me ke kō hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, ka waikawa amino manuahi, ka proline, a me ka protein hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia. Hiki i ka lime a me ka waikawa oxalic ke hoʻonui i nā ion calcium (Ca2+), hoʻemi i ka Cd, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻomanawanui i ke kaumaha ma Panax notoginseng, a hoʻonui i ka huina saponins a me ka hana flavonoid. ʻO ka nui o Cd ka mea haʻahaʻa loa, 68.57% haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka mana, kahi i kūlike me ka waiwai maʻamau (Cd≤0.5 mg/kg, GB/T 19086-2008). ʻO ka hapa o SPN he 7.73%, kahi i hōʻea i ka pae kiʻekiʻe loa o kēlā me kēia lāʻau lapaʻau, a ua piʻi nui ka nui o nā flavonoids ma 21.74%, e hōʻea ana i ka waiwai maʻamau o ka lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka hua maikaʻi loa.
ʻO Cadmium (Cd), ma ke ʻano he mea haumia maʻamau i ka lepo i mahi ʻia, neʻe maʻalahi a he nui ka ʻawahia olaola1. Ua hōʻike ʻo El Shafei et al. 2 e hoʻopilikia ka ʻawahia Cd i ka maikaʻi a me ka huahana o nā mea kanu i hoʻohana ʻia. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua lilo ka hanana o ka cadmium keu i loko o ka lepo o ka ʻāina i mahi ʻia ma ke komohana hema o Kina i mea koʻikoʻi loa. ʻO Yunnan Province ke Aupuni Biodiversity o Kina, kahi i kū mua ai nā ʻano mea kanu lāʻau lapaʻau ma ka ʻāina. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo nā kumuwaiwai mineral waiwai o Yunnan Province e alakaʻi mau ana i ka haumia metala kaumaha o ka lepo i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana mining, kahi e hoʻopilikia ai i ka hana ʻana o nā mea kanu lāʻau lapaʻau kūloko.
ʻO Panax notoginseng (Burkill) Chen3 kahi lāʻau lapaʻau mau loa waiwai nui no ka genus Araliaceae Panax ginseng. Hoʻoulu ke aʻa Panax notoginseng i ke kahe koko, hoʻopau i ke koko stasis a hōʻoluʻolu i ka ʻeha. ʻO ke kahua hana nui ʻo Wenshan Prefecture, Yunnan Province 5. Aia ka haumia Cd ma mua o 75% o ka ʻāina lepo ma kahi kanu o Panax notoginseng a ʻoi aku ma mua o 81-100% ma nā wahi like ʻole6. ​​Hoʻemi nui ka hopena ʻawahia o Cd i ka hana ʻana o nā ʻāpana lāʻau lapaʻau o Panax notoginseng, ʻoiai nā saponins a me nā flavonoids. ʻO nā Saponins kahi papa o nā aglycones, ma waena o nā aglycones he triterpenoids a i ʻole spirosteranes, ʻo ia nā mea hana nui o nā lāʻau lapaʻau Kina he nui a loaʻa nā saponins. Loaʻa i kekahi mau saponins nā hana olaola waiwai e like me ka hana antibacterial, antipyretic, sedative a me ka hana anticancer7. ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻo Flavonoids ke ʻano o nā hui i hoʻopili ʻia ai ʻelua mau apo benzene me nā hui phenolic hydroxyl ma o ʻekolu mau ʻātoma kalapona waena, a ʻo ke kumu nui ʻo 2-phenylchromanone 8. He antioxidant ikaika ia, hiki ke hoʻopau pono i nā radical oxygen free i nā mea kanu, kāohi i ka exudation o nā enzymes biological inflammatory, paipai i ka ho'ōla ʻana o ka ʻeha a me ka hōʻoluʻolu ʻeha, a hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā pae cholesterol. ʻO ia kekahi o nā mea hana nui o Panax Ginseng. ʻO ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka pilikia o ka haumia lepo me ka cadmium ma nā wahi hana o Panax notoginseng he kūlana pono ia no ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka hana ʻana o kāna mau ʻāpana lāʻau lapaʻau nui.
ʻO ka Lime kekahi o nā mea hoʻopau maʻamau no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka haumia o ka lepo cadmium ma kahi. Hoʻopilikia ia i ka adsorption a me ka waiho ʻana o Cd i loko o ka lepo a hoʻemi i ka hana olaola o Cd i loko o ka lepo ma ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pH a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka mana hoʻololi cation lepo (CEC), ka saturation paʻakai lepo (BS), ka pono redox lepo (Eh)3,11. . Eia kekahi, hāʻawi ka lime i ka nui o Ca2+, kahi e hana ai i ka antagonism ionic me Cd2+, hoʻokūkū no nā wahi adsorption aʻa, pale i ka lawe ʻana o Cd i ka wana, a he haʻahaʻa ka ʻawahia olaola. Me ka hoʻohui ʻana o 50 mmol l-1 Ca ma lalo o ke kaumaha Cd, ua kāohi ʻia ka lawe ʻana o Cd i loko o nā lau sesame a ua hoʻemi ʻia ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o Cd ma 80%. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina pili he nui ma ka laiki (Oryza sativa L.) a me nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe12,13.
ʻO ka pīpī ʻana i nā lau o nā mea kanu e kāohi i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā metala kaumaha he ʻano hana hou ia no ka hana ʻana me nā metala kaumaha i nā makahiki i hala iho nei. Pili nui ke kumumanaʻo i ka hopena chelation i loko o nā cell mea kanu, kahi e waiho ai nā metala kaumaha ma ka paia cell a kāohi i ka lawe ʻana o nā metala kaumaha e nā mea kanu14,15. Ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohuihui waikawa dicarboxylic paʻa, hiki i ka waikawa oxalic ke chelate pololei i nā ion metala kaumaha i loko o nā mea kanu, a laila e hōʻemi ana i ka ʻawahia. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina e hiki i ka waikawa oxalic i loko o nā soybeans ke chelate iā Cd2+ a hoʻokuʻu i nā kristal i loaʻa iā Cd ma o nā cell apical trichome, e hōʻemi ana i nā pae Cd2+ o ke kino16. Hiki i ka waikawa oxalic ke hoʻoponopono i ka pH lepo, hoʻonui i ka superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), a me nā hana catalase (CAT), a hoʻoponopono i ka infiltration o ke kō hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, ka protein hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, nā waikawa amino manuahi, a me ka proline. Nā modulators metabolic 17,18. ʻO nā mea waikawa a me ka Ca2+ keu i loko o nā mea kanu oxalate e hana i nā calcium oxalate precipitates ma lalo o ka hana a nā protein germ. ʻO ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka nui o Ca2+ i nā mea kanu hiki ke hoʻoponopono pono i ka waikawa oxalic i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a me Ca2+ i nā mea kanu a pale i ka hōʻiliʻili nui ʻana o ka waikawa oxalic a me Ca2+19,20.
ʻO ka nui o ka lime i hoʻopili ʻia kekahi o nā kumu nui e hoʻopilikia ana i ka hopena o ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lime mai 750 a 6000 kg·h·m−2. No nā lepo waikawa me ka pH 5.0-5.5, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hopena o ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka lime ma kahi mahele o 3000-6000 kg·h·m-2 ma mua o ka mahele o 750 kg·h·m-221. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hoʻopili nui ʻana o ka lime e hoʻoulu i kekahi mau hopena maikaʻi ʻole ma ka lepo, e like me nā loli nui i ka pH lepo a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka lepo22. No laila, ua hoʻonohonoho mākou i nā pae mālama CaO ma 0, 750, 2250 a me 3750 kg·h·m−2. I ka wā i hoʻopili ʻia ai ka waikawa oxalic i Arabidopsis, ua ʻike ʻia ua emi nui ʻo Ca2+ ma 10 mM L-1, a ua pane ikaika ka ʻohana gene CRT e hoʻopilikia ana i ka hōʻailona Ca2+20. ʻO ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o kekahi mau haʻawina i hala i hiki ai iā mākou ke hoʻoholo i ka nui o kēia hoʻokolohua a hoʻomau i ke aʻo ʻana i ka pilina o nā mea hoʻohui exogenous ma Ca2+ a me Cd2+23,24,25. No laila, ke manaʻo nei kēia haʻawina e noiʻi i ke ʻano hoʻoponopono o nā hopena o ka noi lime topical a me ka pīpī foliar o ka waikawa oxalic ma ka ʻike Cd a me ke ahonui stress o Panax notoginseng i nā lepo haumia Cd, a e ʻimi hou aku i nā ala maikaʻi loa a me nā ʻano o ka maikaʻi o ka lāʻau lapaʻau. hōʻoia. Puka i ka Panax notoginseng. Hāʻawi ia i ka ʻike waiwai e alakaʻi i ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka mahiʻai herbaceous i nā lepo haumia cadmium a me ka hoʻolako ʻana i ka hana kiʻekiʻe a hoʻomau e hoʻokō i ke koi mākeke no nā lāʻau lapaʻau.
Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano kūloko ʻo Wenshan notoginseng ma ke ʻano he mea hana, ua hana ʻia kahi hoʻokolohua kahua ma Lannizhai (24°11′N, 104°3′E, kiʻekiʻe 1446m), Kalana ʻo Qiubei, Wenshan Prefecture, Yunnan Province. ʻO ka awelika o ka mahana makahiki he 17°C a ʻo ka awelika o ka ua makahiki he 1250 mm. Nā waiwai hope o ka lepo i aʻo ʻia: TN 0.57 g kg-1, TP 1.64 g kg-1, TC 16.31 g kg-1, RH 31.86 g kg-1, alkaline hydrolyzed N 88.82 mg kg-1, kūpono P 18.55. mg kg-1, loaʻa K 100.37 mg kg-1, huina Cd 0.3 mg kg-1 a me pH 5.4.
Ma Dekemaba 10, ua hoʻopili ʻia he 6 mg/kg Cd2+ (CdCl2 2.5H2O) a me ka lime (0.750, 2250 a me 3750 kg h m-2) a ua hui pū ʻia me ka lepo luna 0–10 cm ma kēlā me kēia ʻāpana, 2017. Ua hana hou ʻia kēlā me kēia lāʻau i 3 mau manawa. Ua kau ʻia nā ʻāpana hoʻokolohua ma ke ʻano hewa, ʻo ka nui o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana he 3 m2. Ua hoʻoili ʻia nā mea kanu Panax notoginseng hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope o 15 mau lā o ka mahi ʻana i ka lepo. I ka wā e hoʻohana ai i nā ʻupena pale, ʻo ka ikaika o ka mālamalama o Panax notoginseng ma ka uhi pale he 18% o ka ikaika maʻamau o ka mālamalama kūlohelohe. E ulu e like me nā ʻano ulu kuʻuna kūloko. I ka wā oʻo o Panax notoginseng i ka makahiki 2019, e pīpī ʻia ka waikawa oxalic ma ke ʻano he sodium oxalate. ʻO ka nui o ka waikawa oxalic he 0, 0.1 a me 0.2 mol l-1, kēlā me kēia, a ua hoʻoponopono ʻia ka pH i 5.16 me NaOH e hoʻohālike i ka pH awelika o ka filtrate ʻōpala. E pīpī i nā ʻili o luna a me lalo o nā lau i hoʻokahi manawa i ka pule i ka hola 8 am. Ma hope o ka pīpī ʻana i 4 mau manawa, ua ʻohi ʻia nā mea kanu Panax notoginseng 3 makahiki i ka pule 5.
I Nowemapa 2019, ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā mea kanu Panax notoginseng ʻekolu makahiki i mālama ʻia me ka waikawa oxalic ma ke kula. Ua waiho ʻia kekahi mau laʻana o nā mea kanu Panax notoginseng ʻekolu makahiki e hoʻāʻo ʻia no ka metabolism physiological a me ka hana enzymatic i loko o nā ʻōmole pahu hau, ua hoʻopaʻahau koke ʻia i loko o ka naikokene wai, a laila ua hoʻoili ʻia i loko o ka pahu hau ma -80°C. Pono e hoʻoholo ʻia ka ʻāpana o ke kahua oʻo i loko o nā laʻana aʻa no Cd a me ka nui o ka mea hana. Ma hope o ka holoi ʻana me ka wai paipa, e hoʻomaloʻo ma 105°C no 30 min, e hoʻopaʻa i ka nui ma 75°C a wili i nā laʻana i loko o ka mortar. mālama.
E kaupaona i 0.2 g o nā hāpana mea kanu maloʻo i loko o kahi ʻōmole Erlenmeyer, e hoʻohui i 8 ml HNO3 a me 2 ml HClO4 a me ka mea pani i ka pō. I kekahi lā aʻe, ua kau ʻia ka funnel me ka ʻāʻī piʻo i loko o kahi ʻōmole triangular no ka electrothermal decomposition a hiki i ka puka ʻana o ka uahi keʻokeʻo a lilo ka hopena decomposition i moakāka. Ma hope o ka hoʻomaʻalili ʻana i ka mahana o ka lumi, ua hoʻoili ʻia ka hui ʻana i loko o kahi ʻōmole volumetric 10 ml. Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka nui o Cd ma kahi spectrometer absorption atomic (Thermo ICE™ 3300 AAS, USA). (GB/T 23739-2009).
E kaupaona i 0.2 g o nā laʻana mea kanu maloʻo i loko o kahi ʻōmole plastik 50 ml, e hoʻohui i 10 ml o 1 mol l-1 HCL, e pani a lulu no 15 mau hola a kānana. Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pipette, e huki i ka nui o ka filtrate e pono ai no ka dilution kūpono a hoʻohui i ka hopena SrCl2 e lawe mai i ka nui o Sr2+ i 1 g L–1. Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka nui o Ca me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi spectrometer absorption atomic (Thermo ICE™ 3300 AAS, USA).
ʻO ke ʻano hana o Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), a me ka catalase (CAT) (DNM-9602, Beijing Pulang New Technology Co., Ltd., helu hoʻopaʻa inoa huahana), e hoʻohana i ka helu ana kūpono: Jingyaodianji (quasi) huaʻōlelo 2013 No. 2400147).
E kaupaona i 0.05 g o ka hāpana Panax notoginseng a hoʻohui i ka mea hoʻohuihui waikawa anthrone-sulfuric ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka paipu. E lulu i ka paipu no 2-3 kekona e hui maikaʻi ai ka wai. E kau i ka paipu ma luna o ka ʻūpā hoʻāʻo no 15 min. Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka nui o nā kō hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka spectrophotometry UV-visible (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., Kina) ma kahi nalu o 620 nm.
E kaupaona i 0.5 g o kahi hāpana hou o Panax notoginseng, wili iā ia i homogenate me 5 ml o ka wai i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a centrifuge ma 10,000 g no 10 mau minuke. E hoʻoheheʻe i ka supernatant i kahi nui paʻa. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano Coomassie Brilliant Blue. Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka nui o ka protein hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka spectrophotometry ma nā ʻāpana ultraviolet a me nā wahi ʻike ʻia o ka spectrum (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., Kina) ma kahi nalu o 595 nm a helu ʻia mai ke kūlou maʻamau o ka bovine serum albumin.
E kaupaona i 0.5 g hāpana hou, e hoʻohui i 5 ml 10% waikawa acetic e wili a homogenize, kānana a hoʻoheheʻe i ka nui mau. ʻO ke ʻano chromogenic me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hopena ninhydrin. Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka nui o nā waikawa amino manuahi e ka spectrophotometry ultraviolet-visible (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., Kina) ma kahi nalu o 570 nm a helu ʻia mai ka piʻo leucine maʻamau.
E kaupaona i 0.5 g o kahi hāpana hou, e hoʻohui i 5 ml o kahi hopena 3% o ka waikawa sulfosalicylic, e hoʻomehana i loko o ka ʻauʻau wai a lulu no 10 mau minuke. Ma hope o ka hoʻomaʻalili ʻana, ua kānana ʻia ka hopena a hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i kahi nui mau. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano chromogenic acid ninhydrin. Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka nui o ka Proline e ka spectrophotometry UV-visible (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., Kina) ma kahi nalu o 520 nm a ua helu ʻia mai ka piʻo maʻamau proline.
Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka nui o nā saponins e ka chromatography wai hana kiʻekiʻe (HPLC) e like me ka Pharmacopoeia o ka People's Republic of China (paʻi 2015). ʻO ke kumu nui o ka HPLC, ʻo ia ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi wai kaomi kiʻekiʻe ma ke ʻano he pae neʻe a e hoʻopili i kahi ʻenehana hoʻokaʻawale kūpono loa ma kahi kolamu pae paʻa no nā ʻāpana ultrafine. Eia nā mākau hana:
Nā kūlana HPLC a me ka hoʻāʻo kūpono o ka ʻōnaehana (Papa 1): Ua hoʻokō ʻia ka elution gradient e like me ka papa ma lalo nei, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka silica gel i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka octadecylsilane ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopihapiha, acetonitrile ma ke ʻano he pae kelepona A, wai ma ke ʻano he pae kelepona B, a ʻo ka nalu ʻike he 203 nm. ʻO ka helu o nā kīʻaha theoretical i helu ʻia mai ka piko R1 o nā saponins Panax notoginseng ma ka liʻiliʻi he 4000.
Hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka hopena kuhikuhi: E kaupaona pololei i nā ginsenosides Rg1, ginsenosides Rb1 a me nā notoginsenosides R1, e hoʻohui i ka methanol e loaʻa ai kahi hopena i hui pū ʻia o 0.4 mg ginsenoside Rg1, 0.4 mg ginsenoside Rb1 a me 0.1 mg notoginsenoside R1 no kēlā me kēia ml.
Hoʻomākaukau hoʻāʻo no ka hoʻonā: E kaupaona i 0.6 g o ka pauka Sanxin a hoʻohui i 50 ml o ka methanol. Ua kaupaona ʻia ka hui ʻana (W1) a waiho ʻia i ka pō. A laila ua hoʻolapalapa māmā ʻia ka wai i hui ʻia i loko o ka ʻauʻau wai ma 80° C. no 2 mau hola. Ma hope o ka hoʻomaʻalili ʻana, e kaupaona i ka wai i hui ʻia a hoʻohui i ka methanol hopena i ka nui mua o W1. A laila e lulu maikaʻi a kānana. Ua waiho ʻia ka filtrate no ka hoʻoholo ʻana.
Ua hoʻopili pololei ʻia ka ʻike o ka saponin e 10 µl o ka hopena maʻamau a me 10 µl o ka filtrate a ua hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o HPLC (Thermo HPLC-ultimate 3000, Seymour Fisher Technology Co., Ltd.)24.
Piʻo maʻamau: ka hoʻoholo ʻana o ka hopena maʻamau i hui ʻia ʻo Rg1, Rb1, R1, ua like nā kūlana chromatography me luna. E helu i ka piʻo maʻamau me ka ʻāpana piko i ana ʻia ma ke axis y a me ka nui o ka saponin i loko o ka hopena maʻamau ma ka abscissa. E hoʻokomo i ka ʻāpana piko i ana ʻia o ka laʻana i loko o ka piʻo maʻamau e helu i ka nui o ka saponin.
E kaupaona i kahi hāpana 0.1 g o P. notogensings a hoʻohui i 50 ml o ka hopena 70% CH3OH. Sonicate no 2 mau hola, a laila centrifuge ma 4000 rpm no 10 mau minuke. E lawe i 1 ml o ka supernatant a hoʻoheheʻe iā ia i 12 mau manawa. Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka ʻike o nā flavonoids e ka spectrophotometry ultraviolet-visible (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., Kina) ma kahi nalu o 249 nm. ʻO Quercetin kahi mea maʻamau nui8.
Ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka ʻikepili me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu Excel 2010. Ua loiloi ʻia ka loiloi o ka ʻokoʻa o ka ʻikepili me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu SPSS Statistics 20. Kiʻi i kaha ʻia e ke kumu Pro 9.1. Hoʻokomo pū ʻia nā helu helu i helu ʻia me ka awelika ± ʻokoʻa maʻamau. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻōlelo o ke koʻikoʻi helu ma P<0.05.
I ke ʻano o ka pīpī ʻana o nā lau me ka nui like o ka waikawa oxalic, ua piʻi nui ka nui o ka Ca i loko o nā aʻa o Panax notoginseng me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka lime (Papa 2). Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka ʻole o ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka lime, ua piʻi ka nui o ka Ca ma 212% ma 3750 kg ppm lime me ka ʻole o ka pīpī ʻana o ka waikawa oxalic. Ma ka nui like o ka noi ʻana o ka lime, ua piʻi iki ka nui o ka calcium me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka nui o ka waikawa oxalic i pīpī ʻia.
ʻOkoʻa ka nui o ke Cd i loko o nā aʻa mai 0.22 a 0.70 mg/kg. Ma ka nui like o ka waikawa oxalic i pīpī ʻia, ua emi nui ka nui o 2250 kg hm-2 Cd me ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka lime. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka kaohi, i ka wā e pīpī ai i nā aʻa me 2250 kg gm-2 lime a me 0.1 mol l-1 waikawa oxalic, ua emi ka nui o ke Cd ma 68.57%. I ka wā i hoʻopili ʻia me ka ʻole o ka lime a me 750 kg hm-2 lime, ua emi nui ka nui o ke Cd i loko o nā aʻa o Panax notoginseng me ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka waikawa oxalic i pīpī ʻia. Me ka hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana o 2250 kg o ka lime gm-2 a me 3750 kg o ka lime gm-2, ua emi mua ka nui o ke Cd i loko o ke aʻa a laila ua piʻi me ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka waikawa oxalic. Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike ka loiloi 2D ua hoʻopilikia nui ʻia ka nui o ka Ca i loko o ke aʻa Panax notoginseng e ka lime (F = 82.84**), ua hoʻopilikia nui ʻia ka nui o ka Cd i loko o ke aʻa Panax notoginseng e ka lime (F = 74.99**) a me ka waikawa oxalic. (F = 74.99**). F = 7.72*).
Me ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka lime a me ka nui o ka pīpī ʻana me ka waikawa oxalic, ua emi nui ka nui o ka MDA. ʻAʻohe ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi i loaʻa i ka nui o ka MDA ma waena o nā aʻa Panax notoginseng i mālama ʻia me ka lime a me 3750 kg g/m2 lime. Ma nā nui o ka noi ʻana o 750 kg hm-2 a me 2250 kg hm-2 lime, ʻo ka nui o ka MDA i loko o 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid i ka wā i pīpī ʻia ai he 58.38% a me 40.21% haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka waikawa oxalic i pīpī ʻole ʻia. ʻO ka nui o ka MDA (7.57 nmol g-1) ka mea haʻahaʻa loa i ka wā i hoʻohui ʻia ai he 750 kg o ka hm-2 lime a me 0.2 mol l-1 o ka waikawa oxalic (Kiʻi 1).
Ka hopena o ka pīpī ʻana o ka lau me ka waikawa oxalic ma ka nui o ka malondialdehyde i loko o nā aʻa Panax notoginseng ma lalo o ke kaumaha cadmium [J]. P<0.05). ʻO ia ma lalo.
Me ka ʻokoʻa o ka hoʻopili ʻana o 3750 kg h m-2 o ka lime, ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi i ʻike ʻia ma ka hana SOD o ka ʻōnaehana aʻa Panax notoginseng. I ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lime 0, 750 a me 2250 kg hm-2, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hana o SOD i ka wā e pīpī ana i ka 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid ma mua o ka wā ʻaʻohe o ka mālama ʻana me ka oxalic acid, kahi i piʻi aʻe ma 177.89%, 61.62% a me 45 .08%. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hana SOD (598.18 mau ʻāpana g-1) i loko o nā aʻa i ka wā i mālama ʻia me ka ʻole o ka lime a pīpī ʻia me 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid. Ma ka nui like me ka ʻole o ka oxalic acid a i ʻole i pīpī ʻia me 0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid, ua piʻi ka hana SOD me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka nui o ka noi lime. Ua emi nui ka hana SOD ma hope o ka pīpī ʻana me 0.2 mol L–1 oxalic acid (Kiʻi 2).
Ka hopena o ka pīpī ʻana o ka lau me ka waikawa oxalic ma ka hana o ka superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, a me ka catalase ma nā aʻa Panax notoginseng ma lalo o ke kaumaha cadmium [J].
E like me ka hana SOD i loko o nā aʻa, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hana POD i loko o nā aʻa (63.33 µmol g-1) i ka wā i pīpī ʻia me ka ʻole o ka lime a me ka 0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid, ʻo ia hoʻi he 148.35% kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka mana (25.50 µmol g-1). . Ua piʻi mua ka hana POD a laila emi iho me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka nui o ka pīpī ʻana o ka waikawa oxalic a me ka mālama ʻana i ka lime 3750 kg hm −2. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka mālama ʻana me ka 0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid, ua emi iho ka hana POD ma 36.31% i ka wā i mālama ʻia me ka 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid (Kiʻi 2).
Koe wale nō ka pīpī ʻana i ka 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid a me ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka 2250 kg hm-2 a i ʻole 3750 kg hm-2 lime, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hana CAT ma mua o ka kaohi. Ua piʻi aʻe ka hana CAT o ka mālama ʻana me ka 0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid a me ka mālama ʻana me ka lime 0.2250 kg h m-2 a i ʻole 3750 kg h m-2 ma 276.08%, 276.69% a me 33 .05% i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka ʻole o ka mālama ʻana me ka waikawa oxalic. ʻO ka hana CAT o nā aʻa (803.52 µmol g-1) i mālama ʻia me ka 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa. ʻO ka hana CAT (172.88 µmol g-1) ka mea haʻahaʻa loa i ka mālama ʻana i ka 3750 kg hm-2 lime a me ka 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid (Kiʻi 2).
Ua hōʻike ʻia ka loiloi bivariate e pili pono ana ka hana Panax notoginseng CAT a me MDA me ka nui o ka waikawa oxalic a i ʻole ka lime spraying a me nā lāʻau ʻelua (Papa 3). Ua pili loa ka hana SOD i loko o nā aʻa me ka lāʻau lime a me ka waikawa oxalic a i ʻole ka nui o ka waikawa oxalic spraying. Ua pili pono ka hana Root POD me ka nui o ka lime i hoʻopili ʻia a i ʻole me ka hoʻopili like ʻana o ka lime a me ka waikawa oxalic.
Ua emi iho ka nui o ke kō hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o nā mea kanu aʻa me ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka lime a me ka nui o ka pīpī ʻana me ka waikawa oxalic. ʻAʻohe ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi i ka nui o ke kō hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o nā aʻa o Panax notoginseng me ka ʻole o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka lime a me ka hoʻopili ʻana o 750 kg·h·m−2 o ka lime. I ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka lime 2250 kg hm-2, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kō hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wā i mālama ʻia ai me ka waikawa oxalic 0.2 mol l-1, i piʻi aʻe ma 22.81%. I ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka lime ma ka nui o 3750 kg·h·m-2, ua emi nui ka nui o ke kō hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia me ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka pīpī ʻana me ka waikawa oxalic. ʻO ka nui o ke kō hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia o ka mālama ʻana i ka waikawa oxalic 0.2 mol L-1 he 38.77% haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka mālama ʻana me ka ʻole o ka mālama ʻana i ka waikawa oxalic. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka mālama ʻana me ka 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid ka mea i loaʻa ka haʻahaʻa loa o ke kō hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia he 205.80 mg g-1 (Kiʻi 3).
Ka hopena o ka pīpī ʻana o ka lau me ka waikawa oxalic ma ka nui o ke kō hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a me ka protein hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o nā aʻa o Panax notoginseng ma lalo o ke kaumaha cadmium [J].
Ua emi ka nui o ka protein hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o nā aʻa me ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka lime a me ka waikawa oxalic. I ka loaʻa ʻole o ka lime, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka nui o ka protein hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka mālama ʻana me ka 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid ma mua o ka mana, ma 16.20%. I ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka lime 750 kg hm-2, ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi o ka nui o ka protein hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o nā aʻa o Panax notoginseng. Ma ka nui o ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka lime he 2250 kg h m-2, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka nui o ka protein hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka mālama ʻana i ka waikawa oxalic o 0.2 mol l-1 ma mua o ka mālama ʻana i ka waikawa ʻole oxalic (35.11%). I ka wā i hoʻopili ʻia ai ka lime ma 3750 kg h m-2, ua emi nui ka nui o ka protein hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia me ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka waikawa oxalic, a ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka nui o ka protein hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia (269.84 µg g-1) i ka wā i mālama ʻia ai ma 0.2 mol l-1. 1 ka pīpī ʻana me ka waikawa oxalic (Kiʻi 3).
ʻAʻohe ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi i ka nui o nā waikawa amino manuahi i loko o nā aʻa o Panax notoginseng i ka loaʻa ʻole o ka lime. Me ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka pīpī ʻana me ka waikawa oxalic a me ka nui o ka noi ʻana o ka lime he 750 kg hm-2, ua emi mua ka nui o nā waikawa amino manuahi a laila ua hoʻonui ʻia. ʻO ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka lāʻau lapaʻau me 2250 kg hm-2 lime a me 0.2 mol l-1 waikawa oxalic ua hoʻonui nui i ka nui o nā waikawa amino manuahi ma 33.58% i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka ʻole o ka lāʻau lapaʻau me ka waikawa oxalic. Me ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka pīpī ʻana me ka waikawa oxalic a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana o 3750 kg·hm-2 o ka lime, ua emi nui ka nui o ka waikawa amino manuahi. ʻO ka nui o nā waikawa amino manuahi i loko o ka lāʻau lapaʻau pīpī 0.2 mol L-1 waikawa oxalic he 49.76% haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka lāʻau lapaʻau me ka ʻole o ka lāʻau lapaʻau waikawa oxalic. ʻO ka nui o ka waikawa amino manuahi ka nui loa i ka wā i mālama ʻia me ka ʻole o ka lāʻau lapaʻau me ka waikawa oxalic a ua hiki i ka 2.09 mg/g. ʻO ka nui o nā waikawa amino manuahi (1.05 mg g-1) ka mea haʻahaʻa loa i ka wā i pīpī ʻia me ka 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid (Kiʻi 4).
Ka hopena o ka pīpī ʻana o ka lau me ka waikawa oxalic ma ka nui o nā waikawa amino manuahi a me ka proline i loko o nā aʻa o Panax notoginseng ma lalo o nā kūlana o ke kaumaha cadmium [J].
Ua emi ka nui o ka proline i loko o nā aʻa me ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka lime a me ka waikawa oxalic. ʻAʻohe ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi o ka nui o ka proline o Panax notoginseng i ka loaʻa ʻole o ka lime. Me ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka pīpī ʻana me ka waikawa oxalic a me nā nui o ka pīpī ʻana o ka lime he 750, 2250 kg hm-2, ua emi mua ka nui o ka proline a laila ua piʻi. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka proline i loko o ka 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid spray treatment ma mua o ka nui o ka proline i loko o ka 0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid spray treatment, kahi i piʻi aʻe ma 19.52% a me 44.33%, kēlā me kēia. I ka hoʻopili ʻana i 3750 kg·hm-2 o ka lime, ua emi nui ka nui o ka proline me ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka pīpī ʻana me ka waikawa oxalic. ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka nui o ka proline ma hope o ka pīpī ʻana me ka 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid he 54.68% ma mua o ka ʻole o ka waikawa oxalic. ʻO ka nui o ka proline ka mea haʻahaʻa loa a ua hiki i ka 11.37 μg/g ma hope o ka mālama ʻia ʻana me ka 0.2 mol/l oxalic acid (Kiʻi 4).
ʻO ka nui o nā saponins āpau i loko o Panax notoginseng ʻo Rg1>Rb1>R1. ʻAʻohe ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi i ka nui o nā saponins ʻekolu me ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka nui o ka waikawa oxalic a me ka ʻole o ka lime (Papa 4).
ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka ʻike o R1 i ka wā e pīpī ana i ka 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid ma mua o ka wā ʻaʻohe pīpī ʻana i ka oxalic acid a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lime 750 a i ʻole 3750 kg·h·m-2. Me ka nui o ka pīpī ʻana o ka oxalic acid o 0 a i ʻole 0.1 mol l-1, ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi o ka ʻike o R1 me ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka noi lime. Ma ka nui o ka pīpī ʻana o ka oxalic acid o 0.2 mol l-1, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka ʻike o R1 o 3750 kg hm-2 o ka lime ma mua o 43.84% me ka ʻole o ka lime (Papa 4).
Ua piʻi mua ka nui o Rg1 a laila ua emi iho me ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka pīpī ʻana me ka waikawa oxalic a me ka nui o ka noi lime o 750 kg·h·m−2. Ma ka nui o ka noi lime o 2250 a i ʻole 3750 kg h m-2, ua emi iho ka nui o Rg1 me ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka pīpī ʻana o ka waikawa oxalic. Ma ka nui like o ka pīpī ʻana o ka waikawa oxalic, ua piʻi mua ka nui o Rg1 a laila ua emi iho me ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka noi lime. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka mana, koe wale nō ʻekolu mau nui o ka pīpī ʻana o ka waikawa oxalic a me 750 kg h m-2, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka Rg1 ma mua o ka mana, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka nui o Rg1 i loko o nā aʻa o nā lāʻau ʻē aʻe ma mua o ka mana. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka ʻike Rg1 i ka wā i pīpī ʻia ai me ka lime 750 kg gm-2 a me ka waikawa oxalic 0.1 mol l-1, ʻo ia hoʻi he 11.54% kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka mana (Papa 4).
Ua piʻi mua ka nui o Rb1 a laila ua emi iho me ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka pīpī ʻana me ka waikawa oxalic a me ka nui o ka noi ʻana o ka lime he 2250 kg hm-2. Ma hope o ka pīpī ʻana i ka 0.1 mol l–1 oxalic acid, ua hōʻea ka nui o Rb1 i ka 3.46% kiʻekiʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi he 74.75% kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka pīpī ʻole ʻana me ka waikawa oxalic. Me nā lāʻau lapaʻau lime ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi ma waena o nā ʻano nui o ka pīpī ʻana o ka waikawa oxalic like ʻole. I ka wā i pīpī ʻia ai me ka 0.1 a me 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid, ua emi mua ka nui o Rb1, a laila ua emi iho me ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka lime i hoʻohui ʻia (papa 4).
Ma ka nui like o ka waikawa oxalic i pīpī ʻia, ua piʻi mua ka nui o nā flavonoids a laila emi iho me ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka lime. ʻAʻohe lime a i ʻole 3750 kg hm-2 lime i pīpī ʻia me nā ʻano like ʻole o ka waikawa oxalic i loaʻa kahi ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi i ka nui o ka flavonoid. I ka wā i hoʻopili ʻia ai ka lime ma ka nui o 750 a me 2250 kg h m-2, ua piʻi mua ka nui o nā flavonoids a laila emi iho me ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka pīpī ʻana me ka waikawa oxalic. I ka wā i mālama ʻia ai me ka nui o ka noi o 750 kg hm-2 a pīpī ʻia me 0.1 mol l-1 waikawa oxalic, ʻo ka nui o nā flavonoids ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa a hiki i ka 4.38 mg g-1, ʻo ia hoʻi he 18.38% kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka lime ma ka nui like o ka noi. me ka ʻole o ka pīpī ʻana me ka waikawa oxalic. Ua piʻi aʻe ka nui o nā flavonoids i ka wā o ka pīpī ʻana me ka waikawa oxalic 0.1 mol l-1 ma 21.74% i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka mālama ʻana me ka ʻole o ka pīpī ʻana me ka waikawa oxalic a me ka mālama ʻana me ka lime me 2250 kg hm-2 (Kiʻi 5).
Ka hopena o ka pīpī ʻana o ka foliar oxalate ma ka ʻike flavonoid i loko o nā aʻa Panax notoginseng ma lalo o ke kaumaha cadmium [J].
Ua hōʻike ʻia ka loiloi bivariate e pili pono ana ka nui o ke kō hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia o Panax notoginseng me ka nui o ka lime i hoʻopili ʻia a me ka nui o ka waikawa oxalic i pīpī ʻia. ʻO ka nui o ka protein hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o nā mea kanu aʻa e pili pono ana me ka nui o ka noi ʻana o ka lime, ʻo ka lime a me ka waikawa oxalic. ʻO ka nui o nā waikawa amino manuahi a me ka proline i loko o nā aʻa e pili pono ana me ka nui o ka noi ʻana o ka lime, ka nui o ka pīpī ʻana me ka waikawa oxalic, ka lime a me ka waikawa oxalic (Papa 5).
Ua pili pono ka ʻike o R1 i loko o nā aʻa o Panax notoginseng me ka nui o ka pīpī ʻana me ka waikawa oxalic, ka nui o ka lime i hoʻopili ʻia, ka lime a me ka waikawa oxalic. Ua pili pono ka ʻike flavonoid me ka nui o ka waikawa oxalic i pīpī ʻia a me ka nui o ka lime i hoʻopili ʻia.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā hoʻololi he nui e hōʻemi i ka Cd mea kanu ma o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka Cd i loko o ka lepo, e like me ka lime a me ka waikawa oxalic30. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka lime ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui lepo e hōʻemi i ka nui o ka cadmium i nā mea kanu31. Ua hōʻike ʻo Liang et al. 32 hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka waikawa oxalic e hoʻihoʻi i nā lepo i haumia ʻia me nā metala kaumaha. Ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka waikawa oxalic i ka lepo haumia, ua hoʻonui ʻia nā mea olaola o ka lepo, ua emi ka hiki ke hoʻololi cation, a ua hoʻonui ʻia ka waiwai pH e 33. Hiki i ka waikawa oxalic ke hana pū me nā ion metala i loko o ka lepo. Ma lalo o ke kaumaha Cd, ua piʻi nui ka nui o ka Cd ma Panax notoginseng i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka mana. Eia naʻe, i ka wā i hoʻohana ʻia ai ka lime, ua emi nui ia. Ma kēia haʻawina, i ka wā e hoʻopili ai i ka lime 750 kg hm-2, ua hōʻea ka nui o ke Cd i loko o ke aʻa i ke kūlana aupuni (palena Cd: Cd≤0.5 mg/kg, AQSIQ, GB/T 19086-200834), a ʻo ka hopena i ka wā e hoʻopili ai i ka 2250 kg hm−2 o ka lime e hana maikaʻi loa me ka lime. Ua hoʻokumu ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka lime i kahi nui o nā wahi hoʻokūkū ma waena o Ca2+ a me Cd2+ i ka lepo, a ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka waikawa oxalic hiki ke hōʻemi i ka nui o ke Cd i loko o nā aʻa o Panax notoginseng. Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻemi nui ʻia ka nui o ke Cd o nā aʻa Panax notoginseng e ka hui pū ʻana o ka lime a me ka waikawa oxalic, e hōʻea ana i ke kūlana aupuni. Hoʻopili ʻia ʻo Ca2+ i loko o ka lepo ma luna o ka ʻili o ke aʻa i ka wā o ke kahe nui a hiki ke lawe ʻia e nā hunaola aʻa ma o nā kahawai calcium (Ca2+-channels), nā pamu calcium (Ca2+-AT-Pase) a me nā mea pale Ca2+/H+, a laila lawe ʻia ma ke ʻano pālahalaha i ka xylem aʻa 23. Ua pili pono ʻole ka pilina o ke aʻa Ca me ka ʻike Cd (P<0.05). Ua emi ka ʻike o Cd me ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻike o Ca, kahi mea e kūlike me ka manaʻo e pili ana i ka antagonism o Ca a me Cd. Ua hōʻike ka loiloi o ka ʻokoʻa ua hoʻopilikia nui ka nui o ka lime i ka ʻike Ca i loko o nā aʻa o Panax notoginseng. Ua hōʻike ʻo Pongrac et al. 35 ua hoʻopaʻa ʻo Cd i ka oxalate i loko o nā kristal calcium oxalate a hoʻokūkū me Ca. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole koʻikoʻi ka hoʻoponopono ʻana o Ca e ka oxalate. Ua hōʻike kēia ʻaʻole he maʻalahi ka ua ʻana o ka calcium oxalate i hana ʻia e ka waikawa oxalic a me Ca2+, a hiki ke hoʻomalu ʻia ke kaʻina hana co-precipitation e nā ala metabolic like ʻole.