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ʻO ka haumia Cadmium (Cd) kahi mea hoʻoweliweli i ka palekana o ka mahi ʻana i ka mea kanu lāʻau lapaʻau Panax notoginseng ma Yunnan. Ma lalo o ke kaumaha Cd exogenous, ua hana ʻia nā hoʻokolohua kahua e hoʻomaopopo i nā hopena o ka noi lime (0, 750, 2250 a me 3750 kg/h/m2) a me ka pīpī foliar me ka waikawa oxalic (0, 0.1 a me 0.2 mol/L) ma ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o Cd a me ka antioxidant. Nā ʻāpana ʻōnaehana a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau o Panax notoginseng. Ua hōʻike nā hopena ma lalo o ke kaumaha Cd, hiki i ka lime a me ka pīpī foliar me ka waikawa oxalic ke hoʻonui i ka ʻike Ca2+ o Panax notoginseng a hoʻemi i ka ʻawahia o Cd2+. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka lime a me ka waikawa oxalic i hoʻonui i ka hana o nā enzymes antioxidant a hoʻololi i ka metabolism o nā mea hoʻoponopono osmotic. ʻO ka mea nui loa ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hana CAT ma 2.77 mau manawa. Ma lalo o ka mana o ka waikawa oxalic, ua piʻi ka hana o SOD i 1.78 mau manawa. Ua emi ka nui o ka MDA ma 58.38%. Aia kahi pilina koʻikoʻi me ke kō hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, nā waikawa amino manuahi, proline a me ka protein hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia. Hiki i ka lime a me ka waikawa oxalic ke hoʻonui i ka nui o ka calcium ion (Ca2+) o Panax notoginseng, hoʻemi i ka nui o ka Cd, hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kūpaʻa koʻikoʻi o Panax notoginseng, a hoʻonui i ka hana ʻana o nā saponins a me nā flavonoids āpau. ʻO ka nui o ka Cd ka mea haʻahaʻa loa, 68.57% haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka mana, a kūlike me ka waiwai maʻamau (Cd≤0.5 mg kg-1, GB/T 19086-2008). ʻO ka hapa o SPN he 7.73%, e hōʻea ana i ka pae kiʻekiʻe loa ma waena o nā lāʻau āpau, a ua piʻi nui ka nui o ka flavonoid ma 21.74%, e hōʻea ana i nā waiwai lapaʻau maʻamau a me ka hua kūpono.
He mea haumia maʻamau ka Cadmium (Cd) o ka lepo i mahi ʻia, neʻe maʻalahi a he nui ka ʻawahia olaola. Ua hōʻike ʻo El-Shafei et al2 e hoʻopilikia ka ʻawahia cadmium i ka maikaʻi a me ka huahana o nā mea kanu i hoʻohana ʻia. Ua lilo ka nui o ka cadmium i ka lepo i mahi ʻia ma ke komohana hema o Kina i mea koʻikoʻi i nā makahiki i hala iho nei. ʻO Yunnan Province ke aupuni biodiversity o Kina, me nā ʻano mea kanu lāʻau lapaʻau i kūlana mua ma ka ʻāina. Eia nō naʻe, ua waiwai ka Yunnan Province i nā kumuwaiwai mineral, a ʻo ke kaʻina hana mining e alakaʻi mau ana i ka haumia metala kaumaha i ka lepo, kahi e hoʻopilikia ai i ka hana ʻana o nā mea kanu lāʻau lapaʻau kūloko.
ʻO Panax notoginseng (Burkill) Chen3) he mea kanu lāʻau lapaʻau waiwai nui ia no ka genus Panax o ka ʻohana Araliaceae. Hoʻomaikaʻi ʻo Panax notoginseng i ke kahe koko, hoʻopau i ke koko a hōʻoluʻolu i ka ʻeha. ʻO ka wahi hana nui ʻo Wenshan Prefecture, Yunnan Province5. ʻOi aku ma mua o 75% o ka lepo ma nā wahi ulu ginseng Panax notoginseng kūloko i haumia me ka cadmium, me nā pae e loli ana mai 81% a ʻoi aku ma mua o 100% ma nā wahi like ʻole6. ​​Hoʻemi nui ka hopena ʻawaʻawa o Cd i ka hana ʻana o nā ʻāpana lāʻau lapaʻau o Panax notoginseng, ʻoiai nā saponins a me nā flavonoids. ʻO nā Saponins kahi ʻano hui glycosidic nona nā aglycones he triterpenoids a i ʻole spirostanes. ʻO lākou nā mea hana nui o nā lāʻau lapaʻau kuʻuna Kina he nui a loaʻa iā lākou nā saponins. Loaʻa i kekahi mau saponins ka hana antibacterial a i ʻole nā ​​​​hana olaola waiwai e like me ka antipyretic, sedative a me nā hopena anticancer7. ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻo Flavonoids ke ʻano o nā hui i hoʻopili ʻia ai ʻelua mau apo benzene me nā hui phenolic hydroxyl ma o ʻekolu mau ʻātoma kalapona waena. ʻO ke kumu nui ʻo 2-phenylchromanone 8. He antioxidant ikaika ia e hiki ke hoʻopau pono i nā radical oxygen free i nā mea kanu. Hiki iā ia ke kāohi i ke komo ʻana o nā enzymes biological inflammatory, paipai i ka ho'ōla ʻana o ka ʻeha a me ka hōʻoluʻolu ʻeha, a hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā pae cholesterol. ʻO ia kekahi o nā mea hana nui o Panax notoginseng. Aia kahi pono wikiwiki e hoʻoponopono i ka pilikia o ka haumia cadmium i loko o ka lepo ma nā wahi hana Panax ginseng a hōʻoia i ka hana ʻana o kāna mau mea lapaʻau koʻikoʻi.
ʻO ka Lime kekahi o nā passivators i hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka lepo paʻa mai ka haumia cadmium10. Hoʻopilikia ia i ka adsorption a me ka waiho ʻana o Cd i loko o ka lepo ma ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka bioavailability o Cd i loko o ka lepo ma ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka waiwai pH a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka mana hoʻololi cation lepo (CEC), ka saturation paʻakai lepo (BS) a me ka redox potential lepo (Eh)3, 11. Eia kekahi, , hāʻawi ka lime i ka nui o Ca2+, hana i ka antagonism ionic me Cd2+, hoʻokūkū no nā wahi adsorption i loko o nā aʻa, pale i ka lawe ʻana o Cd i loko o ka lepo, a he haʻahaʻa ka ʻawahia olaola. I ka wā i hoʻohui ʻia ai he 50 mmol L-1 Ca ma lalo o ke kaumaha Cd, ua kāohi ʻia ka lawe ʻana o Cd i loko o nā lau sesame a ua hoʻemi ʻia ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o Cd ma 80%. Ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau haʻawina like ma ka laiki (Oryza sativa L.) a me nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe12,13.
ʻO ka pīpī ʻana i nā lau o nā mea kanu e kāohi i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā metala kaumaha he ʻano hana hou ia no ka kāohi ʻana i nā metala kaumaha i nā makahiki i hala iho nei. ʻO kona kumu nui e pili ana i ka hopena chelation i loko o nā cell mea kanu, kahi e hopena ai i ka waiho ʻana o nā metala kaumaha ma ka paia cell a kāohi i ka lawe ʻana o nā metala kaumaha e nā mea kanu14,15. Ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohuihui diacid paʻa, hiki i ka waikawa oxalic ke chelate pololei i nā ion metala kaumaha i loko o nā mea kanu, a laila e hōʻemi ana i ka ʻawahia. Ua hōʻike ʻia e ka noiʻi hiki i ka waikawa oxalic i loko o nā soybeans ke chelate iā Cd2+ a hoʻokuʻu i nā kristal i loaʻa iā Cd ma o nā cell trichome kiʻekiʻe, e hōʻemi ana i nā pae Cd2+ i loko o ke kino16. Hiki i ka waikawa oxalic ke hoʻoponopono i ka pH lepo, hoʻonui i ka hana o ka superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) a me catalase (CAT), a hoʻoponopono i ke komo ʻana o ke kō hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, ka protein hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, nā waikawa amino manuahi a me ka proline. Nā mea hoʻoponopono metabolic17,18. ʻO ka waikawa a me ka Ca2+ keu i loko o ka mea kanu e hana i kahi calcium oxalate precipitate ma lalo o ka hana o nā protein nucleating. ʻO ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka nui o Ca2+ i nā mea kanu hiki ke hoʻokō pono i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana o ka waikawa oxalic i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a me Ca2+ i nā mea kanu a pale i ka hōʻiliʻili nui ʻana o ka waikawa oxalic a me Ca2+19,20.
ʻO ka nui o ka lime i hoʻopili ʻia kekahi o nā kumu nui e hoʻopilikia ai i ka hopena hoʻoponopono. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ka nui o ka lime mai 750 a 6000 kg/m2. No ka lepo waikawa me ka pH o 5.0 ~ 5.5, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hopena o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka lime ma kahi nui o 3000 ~ 6000 kg/h/m ma mua o ka nui o 750 kg/h/m221. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hoʻopili nui ʻana o ka lime e hopena i kekahi mau hopena maikaʻi ʻole ma ka lepo, e like me nā loli koʻikoʻi i ka pH lepo a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka lepo22. No laila, ua wehewehe mākou i nā pae mālama CaO ma ke ʻano he 0, 750, 2250 a me 3750 kg hm-2. I ka wā i hoʻopili ʻia ai ka waikawa oxalic i Arabidopsis thaliana, ua ʻike ʻia ua emi nui ʻo Ca2+ ma kahi nui o 10 mmol L-1, a ua pane ikaika ka ʻohana gene CRT, ka mea e hoʻopilikia ai i ka hōʻailona Ca2+20. ʻO ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o kekahi mau haʻawina i hala i hiki ai iā mākou ke hoʻoholo i ka nui o kēia hoʻāʻo a aʻo hou i ka hopena o ka launa pū ʻana o nā mea hoʻohui exogenous ma Ca2+ a me Cd2+23,24,25. No laila, ʻo ka pahuhopu o kēia haʻawina e ʻimi i ke ʻano hoʻoponopono o ka lime exogenous a me ka ʻaila oxalic acid ma ka ʻike Cd a me ke ahonui i ke kaumaha o Panax notoginseng i ka lepo i haumia ʻia e Cd a ʻimi hou i nā ala e hōʻoia maikaʻi ai i ka maikaʻi a me ka pono o ka lāʻau lapaʻau. Hana ʻana o Panax notoginseng. Hāʻawi ʻo ia i nā alakaʻi waiwai nui no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o ka mahi ʻana i nā mea kanu herbaceous i nā lepo i haumia ʻia e ka cadmium a me ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka hana kiʻekiʻe a hoʻomau e pono ai ka mākeke lāʻau lapaʻau.
Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano ginseng kūloko ʻo Wenshan Panax notoginseng ma ke ʻano he mea hana, ua hana ʻia kahi hoʻokolohua kahua ma Lannizhai, Kalana ʻo Qiubei, Wenshan Prefecture, Yunnan Province (24°11′N, 104°3′E, kiʻekiʻe 1446 m). ʻO ka awelika o ka mahana makahiki he 17°C a ʻo ka awelika o ka ua makahiki he 1250 mm. ʻO nā waiwai hope o ka lepo i aʻo ʻia ʻo TN 0.57 g kg-1, TP 1.64 g kg-1, TC 16.31 g kg-1, OM 31.86 g kg-1, alkali hydrolyzed N 88.82 mg kg-1, phosphorus free. 18.55 mg kg-1, free potassium 100.37 mg kg-1, total cadmium 0.3 mg kg-1, pH 5.4.
Ma Dekemaba 10, 2017, ua hui pū ʻia ka 6 mg/kg Cd2+ (CdCl2·2.5H2O) a me ka lāʻau lime (0, 750, 2250 a me 3750 kg/h/m2) a ua kau ʻia ma luna o ka ʻili o ka lepo ma kahi papa o 0~10 cm o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana. . Ua hana hou ʻia kēlā me kēia lāʻau i 3 mau manawa. Aia nā ʻāpana hoʻāʻo ma ke ʻano maʻamau, e uhi ana kēlā me kēia ʻāpana i kahi ʻāpana o 3 m2. Ua hoʻoili ʻia nā hua kanu Panax notoginseng hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope o 15 mau lā o ka mahi ʻana. I ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻupena pale lā, ʻo ka ikaika o ka mālamalama o Panax notoginseng i loko o ka ʻupena pale lā ma kahi o 18% o ka ikaika maʻamau o ka mālamalama kūlohelohe. Hana ʻia ka mahi ʻana e like me nā ʻano mahi kuʻuna kūloko. Ma mua o ke kahua pala o Panax notoginseng i ka makahiki 2019, e pīpī i ka waikawa oxalic ma ke ʻano o ka sodium oxalate. ʻO ka nui o ka waikawa oxalic he 0, 0.1 a me 0.2 mol L-1, kēlā me kēia, a ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo NaOH e hoʻoponopono i ka pH i 5.16 e hoʻohālike i ka pH awelika o ka hopena leach litter. E pīpī i nā ʻili o luna a me lalo o nā lau i hoʻokahi manawa i ka pule i ka hola 8:00 am. Ma hope o ka pīpī ʻana i 4 mau manawa i ka pule 5, ua ʻohi ʻia nā mea kanu Panax notoginseng 3 makahiki.
I Nowemapa 2019, ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā mea kanu Panax notoginseng ʻekolu makahiki mai ke kula mai a pīpī ʻia me ka waikawa oxalic. Ua waiho ʻia kekahi mau laʻana o nā mea kanu Panax notoginseng ʻekolu makahiki e pono ai ke ana ʻia no ka metabolism physiological a me ka hana enzyme i loko o nā ʻōmole no ka hoʻopaʻahau ʻana, hoʻopaʻahau koke ʻia me ka naikokene wai a laila hoʻoili ʻia i loko o ka pahu hau ma -80°C. Ua holoi ʻia kekahi mau laʻana aʻa e ana ʻia no ka Cd a me ka nui o nā mea hana i ka wā oʻo me ka wai piula wai, hoʻomaloʻo ʻia ma 105°C no 30 mau minuke, ma ke kaumaha mau ma 75°C, a wili ʻia i loko o kahi mortar no ka mālama ʻana.
E kaupaona i 0.2 g o ka hāpana mea kanu maloʻo, e kau i loko o kahi ʻōmole Erlenmeyer, e hoʻohui i 8 ml HNO3 a me 2 ml HClO4 a uhi i ka pō. I kekahi lā aʻe, e hoʻohana i kahi funnel piʻo i kau ʻia i loko o kahi ʻōmole Erlenmeyer no ka ʻeli ʻana o ka electrothermal a hiki i ka puka ʻana o ka uahi keʻokeʻo a holo ka wai ʻeli. Ma hope o ka hoʻomaʻalili ʻana i ka mahana o ka lumi, ua hoʻoili ʻia ka hui ʻana i kahi ʻōmole volumetric 10 ml. Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka nui o Cd me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi spectrometer absorption atomic (Thermo ICE™ 3300 AAS, USA). (GB/T 23739-2009).
E kaupaona i 0.2 g o ka hāpana mea kanu maloʻo, e waiho i loko o kahi ʻōmole plastik 50 ml, e hoʻohui i 1 mol L-1 HCL i loko o 10 ml, e pani a lulu maikaʻi no 15 mau hola a kānana. Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pipette, e pipet i ka nui o ka filtrate e pono ai, e hoʻoheheʻe iā ia e like me ia a hoʻohui i ka hopena SrCl2 e lawe mai i ka nui o Sr2+ i 1g L-1. Ua ana ʻia ka nui o Ca me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi spectrometer absorption atomic (Thermo ICE™ 3300 AAS, USA).
ʻO ke ʻano hana o ka pahu kuhikuhi ʻo Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) a me catalase (CAT) (DNM-9602, Beijing Prong New Technology Co., Ltd., hoʻopaʻa inoa huahana), e hoʻohana i ka pahu ana like. Helu: Beijing Pharmacopoeia (pololei) 2013 Helu 2400147).
E kaupaona ma kahi o 0.05 g o ka hāpana Panax notoginseng a hoʻohui i ka anthrone-sulfuric acid reagent ma nā ʻaoʻao o ka paipu. E lulu i ka paipu no 2-3 kekona e hui maikaʻi i ka wai. E kau i ka paipu ma luna o kahi ʻūpā paipu e hoʻomohala i ke kala no 15 mau minuke. Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka nui o ke kō hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e ka ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., Kina) ma kahi nalu o 620 nm.
E kaupaona i 0.5 g o kahi hāpana hou o Panax notoginseng, wili iā ia i loko o kahi homogenate me 5 ml wai i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, a laila centrifuge ma 10,000 g no 10 mau minuke. Ua hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka supernatant i kahi nui paʻa. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano Coomassie Brilliant Blue. Ua ana ʻia ka nui o ka protein soluble me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka spectrophotometry ultraviolet-visible (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., Kina) ma kahi nalu o 595 nm a ua helu ʻia ma muli o ke kūlou maʻamau o ka bovine serum albumin.
E kaupaona i 0.5 g o ka hāpana hou, e hoʻohui i 5 ml o 10% acetic acid, wili i kahi homogenate, kānana a hoʻoheheʻe i ka nui mau. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano hoʻomohala kala me kahi hopena ninhydrin. Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka nui o ka amino acid manuahi e ka spectrophotometry UV-visible (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., Kina) ma 570 nm a ua helu ʻia ma muli o ke kiʻikuhi maʻamau leucine28.
E kaupaona i 0.5 g o kahi hāpana hou, e hoʻohui i 5 ml o kahi hopena 3% o ka waikawa sulfosalicylic, e hoʻomehana i loko o ka ʻauʻau wai a lulu no 10 mau minuke. Ma hope o ka hoʻomaʻalili ʻana, ua kānana ʻia ka hopena a lawe ʻia i kahi leo mau. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano colorimetric me ka acid ninhydrin. Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka nui o ka Proline e ka spectrophotometry ultraviolet-visible (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., Kina) ma kahi nalu o 520 nm a ua helu ʻia ma muli o ke kiʻikuhi maʻamau proline29.
Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka nui o ka Saponin e ka chromatography wai hana kiʻekiʻe me ka ʻōlelo ʻana i ka Pharmacopoeia o ka People's Republic of China (paʻi 2015). ʻO ke kumu nui o ka chromatography wai hana kiʻekiʻe, ʻo ia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wai kaomi kiʻekiʻe ma ke ʻano he pae lawe lima a hoʻopili i ka ʻenehana hoʻokaʻawale ʻāpana ultrafine o ka chromatography kolamu hana kiʻekiʻe i ka pae paʻa. Penei ke ʻano hana:
Nā Kūlana HPLC a me ka Hoʻāʻo Kūpono ʻŌnaehana (Papa 1): E hoʻohana i ka octadecylsilane bound silica gel ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopiha, acetonitrile ma ke ʻano he pae mobile A a me ka wai ma ke ʻano he pae mobile B. E hana i ka gradient elution e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka papa ma lalo nei. ʻO ka nalu ʻike he 203 nm. Wahi a ka piko R1 o ka huina saponins o Panax notoginseng, pono ka helu o nā papa theoretical ma ka liʻiliʻi he 4000.
Ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o ka hopena maʻamau: E kaupaona pololei i ka ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Rb1 a me ka notoginsenoside R1 a hoʻohui i ka methanol e hoʻomākaukau i kahi hui ʻana e loaʻa ana he 0.4 mg ginsenoside Rg1, 0.4 mg ginsenoside Rb1 a me 0.1 mg notoginsenoside R1 no 1 ml o ka hopena.
Hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka hopena hoʻāʻo: E kaupaona i 0.6 g Panax ginseng pauka a hoʻohui i 50 ml methanol. Ua kaupaona ʻia ka hopena i hui ʻia (W1) a waiho ʻia i ka pō. A laila ua hoʻolapalapa mālie ʻia ka hopena i hui ʻia i loko o ka ʻauʻau wai ma 80°C no 2 mau hola. Ma hope o ka hoʻomaʻalili ʻana, e kaupaona i ka hopena i hui ʻia a hoʻohui i ka methanol i hoʻomākaukau ʻia i ka nuipa mua W1. A laila e lulu maikaʻi a kānana. Ua waiho ʻia ka filtrate no ka nānā ʻana.
E hōʻiliʻili pololei i ka 10 μL o ka hopena maʻamau a me 10 μL o ka filtrate a hoʻokomo iā lākou i loko o kahi chromatograph wai hana kiʻekiʻe (Thermo HPLC-ultimate 3000, Seymour Fisher Technology Co., Ltd.) e hoʻoholo ai i ka ʻike saponin 24.
Piʻo maʻamau: ke ana ʻana o kahi hopena maʻamau i hui pū ʻia o Rg1, Rb1 a me R1. Ua like nā kūlana chromatography me luna. E helu i ka piʻo maʻamau ma ke kaha kiʻi ʻana i ka ʻāpana piko i ana ʻia ma ke axis-y a me ka nui o ka saponin i loko o ka hopena maʻamau ma ke axis-x. Hiki ke helu ʻia ka nui o ka saponin ma ke pani ʻana i ka ʻāpana piko i ana ʻia o ka laʻana i loko o ke piʻo maʻamau.
E kaupaona i 0.1 g o ka laʻana P. notogensings a hoʻohui i 50 ml o ka hopena 70% CH3OH. Ua hana ʻia ka unuhi ʻana o ka ultrasonic no 2 mau hola, a ukali ʻia e ka centrifugation ma 4000 rpm no 10 mau minuke. E lawe i 1 ml o ka supernatant a hoʻoheheʻe iā ia i 12 mau manawa. Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka ʻike flavonoid me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka spectrophotometry ultraviolet-visible (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., Kina) ma kahi nalu o 249 nm. ʻO Quercetin kekahi o nā mea maʻamau maʻamau8.
Ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā ʻikepili me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu Excel 2010. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka polokalamu helu helu SPSS 20 e hana i ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻokoʻa ma ka ʻikepili. Ua kaha kiʻi ʻia nā kiʻi me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā Origin Pro 9.1. ʻO nā waiwai helu i helu ʻia e komo pū me ka mean ± SD. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻōlelo o ke koʻikoʻi helu ma P < 0.05.
Ma ka nui like o ka waikawa oxalic i pīpī ʻia ma luna o nā lau, ua piʻi nui ka nui o ka Ca i loko o nā aʻa o Panax notoginseng i ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka lime i hoʻopili ʻia (Papa 2). Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka nele o ka lime, ua piʻi ka nui o ka Ca ma 212% i ka hoʻohui ʻana i 3750 kg/h/m2 o ka lime me ka ʻole o ka pīpī ʻana i ka waikawa oxalic. No ka nui like o ka lime i hoʻopili ʻia, ua piʻi iki ka nui o ka Ca i ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka pīpī ʻana o ka waikawa oxalic.
ʻO ka nui o ke Cd i loko o nā aʻa mai 0.22 a 0.70 mg kg-1. Ma ka nui like o ka waikawa oxalic i pīpī ʻia, i ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka lime i hoʻohui ʻia, emi nui ka nui o ke Cd o 2250 kg/h. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka kaohi, ua emi ka nui o ke Cd i loko o nā aʻa ma 68.57% ma hope o ka pīpī ʻana me 2250 kg hm-2 lime a me 0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid. I ka wā i hoʻopili ʻia ai ka limeless a me 750 kg/h o ka lime, ua emi nui ka nui o ke Cd i loko o nā aʻa o Panax notoginseng me ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka waikawa oxalic i pīpī ʻia. I ka wā i hoʻopili ʻia ai ka lime 2250 kg/m2 a me 3750 kg/m2 lime, ua emi mua ka nui o ke Cd i ke aʻa a laila piʻi me ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka waikawa oxalic. Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike ka loiloi bivariate he hopena koʻikoʻi ko ka lime i ka nui o ka Ca o nā aʻa Panax notoginseng (F = 82.84**), he hopena koʻikoʻi ko ka lime i ka nui o ka Cd i loko o nā aʻa Panax notoginseng (F = 74.99**), a me ka waikawa oxalic (F=7.72*).
I ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka lime i hoʻohui ʻia a me ka nui o ka waikawa oxalic i pīpī ʻia, ua emi nui ka nui o ka MDA. ʻAʻohe ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi o ka nui o ka MDA i loko o nā aʻa o Panax notoginseng me ka ʻole o ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka lime a me ka hoʻohui ʻana o 3750 kg/m2 o ka lime. Ma nā helu noi o 750 kg/h/m2 a me 2250 kg/h/m2, ua emi ka nui o ka lime o ka 0.2 mol/L oxalic acid spray treatment ma 58.38% a me 40.21%, kēlā me kēia, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka ʻole o ka lāʻau ʻana o ka waikawa oxalic. ʻO ka haʻahaʻa loa o ka MDA (7.57 nmol g-1) i ʻike ʻia i ka wā e pīpī ana i ka 750 kg hm-2 lime a me 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid (Kiʻi 1).
Ka hopena o ka pīpī ʻana o ka foliar me ka waikawa oxalic ma ka nui o ka malondialdehyde i loko o nā aʻa Panax notoginseng ma lalo o ke kaumaha cadmium. Nānā: Hōʻike ka moʻolelo ma ke kiʻi i ka nui o ka waikawa oxalic ma ka pīpī (mol L-1), hōʻike nā leka liʻiliʻi like ʻole i nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi ma waena o nā lāʻau lapaʻau o ka noi lime like. helu (P < 0.05). ʻO ia ma lalo.
Koe wale nō ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka lime 3750 kg/h, ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi i ka hana SOD i nā aʻa Panax notoginseng. I ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka 0, 750 a me 2250 kg/h/m2 o ka lime, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hana SOD i ka wā i mālama ʻia ai me ka pīpī ʻana me ka waikawa oxalic ma kahi nui o 0.2 mol/l ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻana i ka waikawa oxalic, e piʻi ana ma 177.89%, 61.62% a me 45.08%. ʻO ka hana SOD i loko o nā aʻa (598.18 U g-1) ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa i ka wā ʻaʻohe noi lime a i ka wā i mālama ʻia ai me ka pīpī ʻana me ka waikawa oxalic ma kahi nui o 0.2 mol/l. I ka wā i pīpī ʻia ai ka waikawa oxalic ma ka nui like a i ʻole 0.1 mol L-1, ua piʻi ka hana SOD me ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka nui o ka lime i hoʻohui ʻia. Ma hope o ka pīpī ʻana me ka 0.2 mol/L waikawa oxalic, ua emi nui ka hana SOD (Kiʻi 2).
Ka hopena o ka pīpī ʻana i nā lau me ka waikawa oxalic ma ka hana o ka superoxide dismutase, peroxidase a me catalase i loko o nā aʻa o Panax notoginseng ma lalo o ke kaumaha cadmium.
E like me ka hana SOD i loko o nā aʻa, ʻo ka hana POD i loko o nā aʻa i mālama ʻia me ka lime ʻole a pīpī ʻia me ka 0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa (63.33 µmol g-1), ʻo ia hoʻi he 148.35% kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka mana (25.50 µmol g-1). Me ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka nui o ka pīpī ʻana o ka waikawa oxalic a me ka mālama ʻana i ka lime 3750 kg/m2, ua piʻi mua ka hana POD a laila ua emi iho. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka mālama ʻana me ka 0.1 mol L-1 oxalic acid, ua emi ka hana POD i ka wā i mālama ʻia me ka 0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid ma 36.31% (Kiʻi 2).
Me ka ʻokoʻa o ka pīpī ʻana i ka 0.2 mol/l oxalic acid a me ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka 2250 kg/h/m2 a i ʻole 3750 kg/h/m2 lime, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hana CAT ma mua o ka kaohi. I ka pīpī ʻana i ka 0.1 mol/l oxalic acid a me ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka 0.2250 kg/m2 a i ʻole 3750 kg/h/m2 lime, ua piʻi ka hana CAT ma 276.08%, 276.69% a me 33.05%, kēlā me kēia, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka mālama ʻana me ka ʻole o ka pīpī ʻana i ka waikawa oxalic. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hana CAT ma nā aʻa (803.52 μmol/g) i ka mālama ʻana me ka ʻole o ka lime a ma ka mālama ʻana me ka 0.2 mol/L oxalic acid. ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka hana CAT (172.88 μmol/g) i ka wā i mālama ʻia ai me 3750 kg/h/m o ka lime a me 0.2 mol/L oxalic acid (Kiʻi 2).
Ua hōʻike ʻia ka loiloi bivariate ua pili nui ka hana CAT a me ka hana MDA o nā aʻa Panax notoginseng me ka nui o ka waikawa oxalic a i ʻole ka lime i pīpī ʻia a me nā lāʻau ʻelua (Papa 3). Ua pili nui ka hana SOD i loko o nā aʻa i ka lāʻau lime a me ka waikawa oxalic a i ʻole ka nui o ka pīpī ʻana o ka waikawa oxalic. Ua hilinaʻi nui ka hana Root POD i ka nui o ka lime i hoʻopili ʻia a i ʻole ka lāʻau lime a me ka waikawa oxalic.
Ua emi iho ka nui o nā kō hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o nā aʻa me ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka lime a me ka nui o ka ʻūlū ʻana o ka waikawa oxalic. ʻAʻohe ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi i ka nui o nā kō hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o nā aʻa Panax notoginseng me ka ʻole o ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka lime a i ka wā i hoʻopili ʻia ai he 750 kg/h/m o ka lime. I ka wā i hoʻopili ʻia ai he 2250 kg/m2 o ka lime, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kō hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wā i mālama ʻia ai me ka ʻole o ka ʻūlū ʻana i ka waikawa oxalic, e piʻi ana ma ka 22.81%. I ka wā i hoʻopili ʻia ai he 3750 kg h/m2 o ka lime, ua emi nui ka nui o ke kō hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wā i hoʻonui ʻia ai ka nui o ka waikawa oxalic i pīpī ʻia. Ua emi iho ka nui o ke kō hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wā i mālama ʻia ai me ka 0.2 mol L-1 waikawa oxalic ma ka 38.77% i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka ʻole o ka ʻūlū ʻana i ka waikawa oxalic. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻūlū ʻana o ka waikawa oxalic 0.2 mol·L-1 ka mea i loaʻa ka haʻahaʻa loa o ke kō hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, ʻo ia hoʻi he 205.80 mg·g-1 (Kiʻi 3).
Ka hopena o ka pīpī ʻana o ka foliar me ka waikawa oxalic ma ka ʻike o ke kōpaʻa holoʻokoʻa hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a me ka protein hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i nā aʻa Panax notoginseng ma lalo o ke kaumaha cadmium.
Ua emi ka nui o ka protein soluble i loko o nā aʻa me ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka lime a me ka mālama ʻana i ka waikawa oxalic. Me ka ʻole o ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka lime, ua emi nui ka nui o ka protein soluble i ka wā i mālama ʻia ai me ka oxalic acid spray ma kahi nui o 0.2 mol L-1 ma 16.20% i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka mana. ʻAʻohe ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi i ka nui o ka protein soluble o nā aʻa Panax notoginseng i ka wā i hoʻopili ʻia ai he 750 kg/h o ka lime. Ma lalo o nā kūlana noi o 2250 kg/h/m o ka lime, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka protein soluble o ka 0.2 mol/L oxalic acid spray treatment ma mua o ka mālama ʻana i ka waikawa oxalic non-oxalic (35.11%). I ka wā i hoʻopili ʻia ai he 3750 kg·h/m2 o ka lime, ua emi nui ka nui o ka protein soluble i ka wā i hoʻonui ʻia ai ka nui o ka waikawa oxalic spray, me ka haʻahaʻa loa o ka protein soluble (269.84 μg·g-1) i ka wā i 0.2 mol·L-1 ka mālama ʻana o ka waikawa oxalic spray (Kiʻi 3).
ʻAʻohe ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi o ka nui o nā waikawa amino manuahi i loko o ke aʻa o Panax notoginseng i ka wā ʻaʻohe o ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka lime. I ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka waikawa oxalic a me ka hoʻohui ʻana o 750 kg/h/m2 o ka lime, ua emi mua ka nui o nā waikawa amino manuahi a laila piʻi. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka mālama ʻana me ka ʻole o ka pīpī ʻana i ka waikawa oxalic, ua piʻi nui ka nui o nā waikawa amino manuahi ma 33.58% i ka wā e pīpī ana i ka 2250 kg hm-2 lime a me 0.2 mol l-1 waikawa oxalic. Ua emi nui ka nui o nā waikawa amino manuahi me ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka waikawa oxalic a me ka hoʻohui ʻana o 3750 kg/m2 o ka lime. Ua hoʻemi ʻia ka nui o ka waikawa amino manuahi o ka mālama ʻana me ka waikawa oxalic 0.2 mol L-1 ma 49.76% ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka mālama ʻana me ka waikawa oxalic ʻole. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka waikawa amino manuahi me ka ʻole o ka pīpī ʻana me ka waikawa oxalic a he 2.09 mg g-1. ʻO ka lāʻau pīpī waikawa oxalic 0.2 mol/L ka mea i loaʻa ka haʻahaʻa loa o ka nui o nā waikawa amino manuahi (1.05 mg/g) (Kiʻi 4).
Ka hopena o ka pīpī ʻana i nā lau me ka waikawa oxalic ma ka nui o nā waikawa amino manuahi a me ka proline i loko o nā aʻa o Panax notoginseng ma lalo o nā kūlana koʻikoʻi cadmium.
Ua emi ka nui o ka proline i loko o nā aʻa me ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka lime i hoʻopili ʻia a me ka nui o ka pīpī ʻana me ka waikawa oxalic. ʻAʻohe ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi i ka nui o ka proline o ke aʻa Panax ginseng i ka wā i hoʻopili ʻole ʻia ai ka lime. I ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka pīpī ʻana o ka waikawa oxalic a me ka piʻi ʻana o ka noi ʻana o 750 a i ʻole 2250 kg/m2 o ka lime, ua emi mua ka nui o ka proline a laila ua piʻi. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka proline o ka 0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid spray treatment ma mua o ka 0.1 mol L-1 oxalic acid spray treatment, e piʻi ana ma 19.52% a me 44.33%, kēlā me kēia. I ka wā i hoʻohui ʻia ai he 3750 kg/m2 o ka lime, ua emi nui ka nui o ka proline i ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka pīpī ʻana o ka waikawa oxalic. Ma hope o ka pīpī ʻana i ka 0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid, ua emi ka nui o ka proline ma 54.68% i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka ʻole o ka pīpī ʻana i ka waikawa oxalic. ʻO ka haʻahaʻa loa o ka proline i ka wā i mālama ʻia ai me 0.2 mol/l oxalic acid a ua hōʻea i 11.37 μg/g (Kiʻi 4).
ʻO ka nui o ka saponin i loko o Panax notoginseng ʻo Rg1>Rb1>R1. ʻAʻohe ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi i ka nui o nā saponins ʻekolu me ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka nui o ka waikawa oxalic a me ka nui me ka ʻole o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka lime (Papa 4).
ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka nui o R1 ma hope o ka pīpī ʻana i ka 0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid ma mua o ka pīpī ʻole ʻana i ka waikawa oxalic a me ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka lime ma kahi o 750 a i ʻole 3750 kg/m2. Ma kahi ʻano waikawa oxalic i pīpī ʻia o 0 a i ʻole 0.1 mol/L, ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi o ka nui o R1 me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka nui o ka lime i hoʻohui ʻia. Ma kahi ʻano waikawa o 0.2 mol/L oxalic acid i pīpī ʻia, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka nui o R1 ma 3750 kg/h/m2 o ka lime ma mua o 43.84% me ka hoʻohui ʻole ʻana i ka lime (Papa 4).
I ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka waikawa oxalic i pīpī ʻia a me ka hoʻohui ʻia ʻana o 750 kg/m2 o ka lime, ua piʻi mua ka nui o ka Rg1 a laila emi iho. Ma nā helu noi lime o 2250 a me 3750 kg/h, ua emi iho ka nui o ka Rg1 me ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka waikawa oxalic i pīpī ʻia. Ma ka nui like o ka waikawa oxalic i pīpī ʻia, i ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka lime, ua piʻi mua ka nui o ka Rg1 a laila emi iho. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka mana, koe wale nō ka nui o ka Rg1 i ʻekolu mau nui o ka waikawa oxalic a me nā lāʻau lime 750 kg/m2, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka mana, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka nui o ka Rg1 i loko o nā aʻa Panax notoginseng i nā lāʻau ʻē aʻe ma mua o ka mana. ka mana. ʻO ka nui loa o ka nui o Rg1 i ka wā e pīpī ana i 750 kg/h/m2 o ka lime a me 0.1 mol/l waikawa oxalic, ʻo ia hoʻi he 11.54% kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka mana (Papa 4).
I ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka waikawa oxalic a me ka nui o ka lime i hoʻopili ʻia ma ka nui o ke kahe ʻana o 2250 kg/h, ua piʻi mua ka nui o Rb1 a laila emi iho. Ma hope o ka pīpī ʻana i ka 0.1 mol L-1 oxalic acid, ua hōʻea ka nui o Rb1 i ka waiwai kiʻekiʻe loa o 3.46%, ʻo ia hoʻi he 74.75% kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka pīpī ʻole ʻana i ka waikawa oxalic. No nā lāʻau lapaʻau lime ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi ma waena o nā ʻano like ʻole o ka pīpī waikawa oxalic. Ma hope o ka pīpī ʻana me ka 0.1 a me 0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid, i ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka lime, ua emi mua ka nui o Rb1 a laila emi iho (Papa 4).
Ma ka hoʻohuihui like ʻana me ka waikawa oxalic, i ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka lime i hoʻohui ʻia, ua piʻi mua ka nui o nā flavonoids a laila ua emi iho. ʻAʻohe ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi i ka nui o nā flavonoids i ʻike ʻia i ka wā e pīpī ana i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka waikawa oxalic me ka ʻole o ka lime a me 3750 kg/m2 o ka lime. I ka hoʻohui ʻana i 750 a me 2250 kg/m2 o ka lime, i ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka waikawa oxalic i pīpī ʻia, ua piʻi mua ka nui o nā flavonoids a laila ua emi iho. I ka hoʻopili ʻana i 750 kg/m2 a me ka pīpī ʻana i ka waikawa oxalic ma kahi nui o 0.1 mol/l, ʻo ka nui o nā flavonoids ka nui loa - 4.38 mg/g, ʻo ia hoʻi he 18.38% ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka nui like o ka lime, a ʻaʻohe pono e pīpī i ka waikawa oxalic. Ua piʻi aʻe ka nui o nā flavonoids i ka wā i mālama ʻia ai me ka 0.1 mol L-1 oxalic acid spray ma 21.74% i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka mālama ʻana me ka ʻole o ka waikawa oxalic a me ka mālama ʻana me ka lime ma kahi nui o 2250 kg/m2 (Kiʻi 5).
Ka hopena o ka pīpī ʻana i nā lau me ka oxalate ma ka nui o nā flavonoids i ke aʻa o Panax notoginseng ma lalo o ke kaumaha cadmium.
Ua hōʻike ʻia ka loiloi bivariate ua hilinaʻi nui ʻia ka nui o ke kō hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia o nā aʻa Panax notoginseng i ka nui o ka lime i hoʻopili ʻia a me ka nui o ka waikawa oxalic i pīpī ʻia. Ua pili pono ka nui o ka protein hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o nā aʻa me ka nui o ka lime a me ka waikawa oxalic. Ua pili pono ka nui o nā waikawa amino manuahi a me ka proline i loko o nā aʻa me ka nui o ka lime i hoʻopili ʻia, ka nui o ka pīpī ʻana i ka waikawa oxalic, ka lime a me ka waikawa oxalic (Papa 5).
Ua hilinaʻi nui ka ʻike R1 i loko o nā aʻa Panax notoginseng i ka nui o ka waikawa oxalic i pīpī ʻia, ka nui o ka lime, ka lime a me ka waikawa oxalic i hoʻopili ʻia. Ua hilinaʻi nui ka ʻike o nā flavonoids i ka nui o ka waikawa oxalic i pīpī ʻia a me ka nui o ka lime i hoʻohui ʻia.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā hoʻololi he nui e hōʻemi i nā pae cadmium i nā mea kanu ma o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka cadmium i loko o ka lepo, e like me ka lime a me ka waikawa oxalic30. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka lime ma ke ʻano he hoʻololi lepo e hōʻemi i nā pae cadmium i nā mea kanu31. Ua hōʻike ʻo Liang et al. 32 hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka waikawa oxalic e hoʻoponopono i ka lepo i haumia ʻia me nā metala kaumaha. Ma hope o ka hoʻohui ʻia ʻana o nā ʻano like ʻole o ka waikawa oxalic i ka lepo i haumia ʻia, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o nā mea organik o ka lepo, ua emi ka hiki ke hoʻololi cation, a ua hoʻonui ʻia ka pH33. Hiki i ka waikawa oxalic ke hana pū me nā ion metala i loko o ka lepo. Ma lalo o nā kūlana koʻikoʻi Cd, ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka nui o Cd ma Panax notoginseng i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka mana. Eia naʻe, inā hoʻohana ʻia ka lime, ua emi nui ia. I ka wā i hoʻopili ʻia ai he 750 kg/h/m o ka lime i kēia haʻawina, ua hōʻea ka nui o Cd o nā aʻa i ke kūlana aupuni (ʻo ka palena Cd ʻo Cd≤0.5 mg/kg, AQSIQ, GB/T 19086-200834), a ua maikaʻi ka hopena. . ʻO ka hopena maikaʻi loa ka hoʻokō ʻia ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i 2250 kg/m2 o ka lime. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka lime e hana i kahi nui o nā wahi hoʻokūkū no Ca2+ a me Cd2+ i loko o ka lepo, a ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka waikawa oxalic e hōʻemi ana i ka nui o Cd i loko o nā aʻa o Panax notoginseng. Ma hope o ke kāwili ʻana i ka lime a me ka waikawa oxalic, ua emi nui ka nui o Cd o ke aʻa Panax ginseng a hiki i ke kūlana aupuni. Hoʻopili ʻia ʻo Ca2+ i loko o ka lepo i ka ʻili o ke aʻa ma o ke kaʻina hana kahe nui a hiki ke komo i loko o nā pūnaewele aʻa ma o nā kahawai calcium (nā kahawai Ca2+), nā pamu calcium (Ca2+-AT-Pase) a me nā mea pale Ca2+/H+, a laila lawe ʻia ma ke ʻano pae. i nā aʻa. Xylem23. Aia kahi pilina maikaʻi ʻole ma waena o ka nui o Ca a me Cd i loko o nā aʻa (P < 0.05). Ua emi ka nui o Cd me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka nui o Ca, kahi e kūlike me ka manaʻo o ka antagonism ma waena o Ca a me Cd. Ua hōʻike ʻo ANOVA he hopena koʻikoʻi ka nui o ka lime i ka nui o Ca i loko o ke aʻa o Panax notoginseng. Ua hōʻike ʻo Pongrack et al. 35 e hoʻopaʻa ana ʻo Cd i ka oxalate i loko o nā kristal calcium oxalate a hoʻokūkū me Ca. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole nui ka hopena hoʻoponopono o ka waikawa oxalic ma Ca. Hōʻike kēia ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana o ka calcium oxalate mai ka waikawa oxalic a me Ca2+, a hiki ke hoʻomalu ʻia ke kaʻina hana coprecipitation e kekahi mau ala metabolic.
Ma lalo o ke kaumaha cadmium, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka nui o nā ʻano oxygen reactive (ROS) i loko o nā mea kanu, e hōʻino ana i ke ʻano o nā membrane cell36. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻike o Malondialdehyde (MDA) ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona e hoʻoholo ai i ka pae o ROS a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hōʻino ʻana i ka membrane plasma o nā mea kanu37. ʻO ka ʻōnaehana antioxidant kahi ʻano pale koʻikoʻi no ka scavenging reactive oxygen species38. Hoʻololi pinepine ʻia nā hana o nā enzymes antioxidant (me POD, SOD, a me CAT) e ke kaumaha cadmium. Ua hōʻike nā hopena ua pili pono ka ʻike MDA me ka nui o Cd, e hōʻike ana ua hohonu ka nui o ka lipid peroxidation membrane mea kanu me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o Cd37. He kūlike kēia me nā hopena o ke aʻo ʻana e Ouyang et al.39. Hōʻike kēia haʻawina ua hoʻopilikia nui ʻia ka ʻike MDA e ka lime, ka waikawa oxalic, ka lime a me ka waikawa oxalic. Ma hope o ka nebulization o 0.1 mol L-1 oxalic acid, ua emi iho ka nui o ka MDA o Panax notoginseng, e hōʻike ana e hiki i ka oxalic acid ke hōʻemi i ka bioavailability o nā pae Cd a me ROS ma Panax notoginseng. ʻO ka ʻōnaehana enzyme antioxidant kahi e hana ʻia ai ka hana detoxification o ka mea kanu. Hoʻopau ka SOD i ka O2- i loko o nā cell mea kanu a hana i ka O2 ʻawaʻawa ʻole a me ka H2O2 haʻahaʻa. Hoʻopau ka POD a me CAT i ka H2O2 mai nā ʻiʻo mea kanu a hoʻoulu i ka decomposition o H2O2 i H2O. Ma muli o ka loiloi proteome iTRAQ, ua ʻike ʻia ua emi nā pae hōʻike protein o SOD a me PAL a ua hoʻonui ʻia ka pae hōʻike o POD ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka lime ma lalo o ke kaumaha Cd40. Ua hoʻopilikia nui ʻia nā hana o CAT, SOD a me POD i ke aʻa o Panax notoginseng e ka nui o ka waikawa oxalic a me ka lime. Ua hoʻonui nui ka lāʻau pīpī me ka 0.1 mol L-1 oxalic acid i ka hana o SOD a me CAT, akā ʻaʻole maopopo ka hopena hoʻoponopono ma ka hana POD. Hōʻike kēia e hoʻolalelale ka waikawa oxalic i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ROS ma lalo o ke kaumaha Cd a hoʻopau nui i ka wehe ʻana o H2O2 ma ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka hana o CAT, kahi like me nā hopena noiʻi a Guo et al.41 ma nā enzymes antioxidant o Pseudospermum sibiricum. Kos. ). ʻO ka hopena o ka hoʻohui ʻana i 750 kg/h/m2 o ka lime ma ka hana o nā enzymes o ka ʻōnaehana antioxidant a me ka nui o ka malondialdehyde ua like ia me ka hopena o ka pīpī ʻana me ka waikawa oxalic. Ua hōʻike nā hopena e hiki i ka lāʻau pīpī waikawa oxalic ke hoʻonui maikaʻi i nā hana o SOD a me CAT ma Panax notoginseng a hoʻonui i ke kūpaʻa o ke kaumaha o Panax notoginseng. Ua hoʻemi ʻia nā hana o SOD a me POD ma o ka mālama ʻana me ka 0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid a me 3750 kg hm-2 lime, e hōʻike ana e hiki i ka pīpī nui ʻana o nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka oxalic acid a me Ca2+ ke hoʻoulu i ka pilikia o nā mea kanu, kahi mea e kūlike me ke aʻo ʻana o Luo a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Wait 42.