ʻO kēia ʻatikala kekahi ʻāpana o ke kumumanaʻo noiʻi "ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka antimicrobial, ke kū'ē ʻana i ka antimicrobial a me ka microbiome o nā holoholona meaʻai". E nānā i nā ʻatikala 13 āpau
Ke hoʻomau nei ka makemake nui ʻia o nā waikawa organik ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui i ka meaʻai holoholona. A hiki i kēia lā, ua kau ʻia ke kālele ʻana ma ka palekana o ka meaʻai, ʻoiai ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka nui o nā pathogens i lawe ʻia e ka meaʻai i loko o nā manu a me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe. Ke aʻo ʻia nei kekahi mau waikawa organik a i ʻole ke hoʻohana ʻia nei i ke kālepa. Ma waena o nā waikawa organik he nui i aʻo nui ʻia, ʻo ka waikawa formic kekahi o lākou. Hoʻohui ʻia ka waikawa formic i nā meaʻai manu e kaupalena i ke alo o Salmonella a me nā pathogens ʻē aʻe i lawe ʻia e ka meaʻai i loko o ka meaʻai a ma ke ala gastrointestinal ma hope o ka ʻai ʻana. I ka ulu ʻana o ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka pono a me ka hopena o ka waikawa formic i ka mea hoʻokipa a me nā pathogens i lawe ʻia e ka meaʻai, ke maopopo nei hiki i ke alo o ka waikawa formic ke hoʻoulu i nā ala kikoʻī ma Salmonella. Hiki i kēia pane ke lilo i mea paʻakikī ke komo ka waikawa formic i loko o ke ala gastrointestinal a launa pū ʻaʻole wale me Salmonella e noho mua ana i ke ala gastrointestinal akā me nā flora microbial ponoʻī o ka ʻōpū. E nānā ka loiloi i nā hopena o kēia manawa a me nā manaʻolana no ka noiʻi hou aku ma ka microbiome o nā manu a me nā meaʻai i mālama ʻia me ka waikawa formic.
I loko o ka hana holoholona a me ka moa, ʻo ka pilikia ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hoʻolālā hoʻokele e hoʻonui i ka ulu ʻana a me ka huahua me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā pilikia palekana meaʻai. I ka wā ma mua, ua hoʻomaikaʻi ka lawelawe ʻana i nā antibiotics ma nā ʻano subtherapeutic i ke olakino holoholona, ​​​​ka pono, a me ka huahua (1-3). Mai kahi ʻano hana, ua manaʻo ʻia e hoʻoponopono nā antibiotics i lawelawe ʻia ma nā ʻano subinhibitory i nā pane a ka mea hoʻokipa ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka flora gastrointestinal (GI) a, ma ka huli ʻana, kā lākou pilina me ka mea hoʻokipa (3). Eia nō naʻe, ʻo nā hopohopo e pili ana i ka laha ʻana o nā pathogens i kūʻē i ka antibiotic a me ko lākou pilina me nā maʻi kūʻē i ka antibiotic i loko o ke kanaka ua alakaʻi i ka hoʻihoʻi mālie ʻana o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka antibiotic i nā holoholona meaʻai (4-8). No laila, ʻo ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea hoʻohui hānai a me nā mea hoʻomaikaʻi e hoʻokō ana i kekahi o kēia mau koi (hoʻomaikaʻi i ke olakino holoholona, ​​​​ka pono, a me ka huahua) he mea hoihoi nui ia mai kahi noiʻi hoʻonaʻauao a me ka hoʻomohala ʻoihana (5, 9). Ua komo nā ʻano mea hoʻohui hānai kalepa i ka mākeke meaʻai holoholona, ​​​​me nā probiotics, prebiotics, nā aila koʻikoʻi a me nā hui pili mai nā kumu mea kanu like ʻole, a me nā kemika e like me aldehydes (10-14). ʻO nā mea hoʻohui hānai kalepa ʻē aʻe i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i loko o nā manu me nā bacteriophages, zinc oxide, nā enzymes exogenous, nā huahana hoʻokaʻawale hoʻokūkū, a me nā hui acidic (15, 16).
Ma waena o nā mea hoʻohui kemika hānai e kū nei, ʻo nā aldehydes a me nā waikawa organik nā hui i aʻo nui ʻia a hoʻohana ʻia (12, 17-21). ʻO nā waikawa organik, ʻoiai nā waikawa momona kaulahao pōkole (SCFAs), he mau mea kū'ē i nā bacteria pathogenic. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau waikawa organik ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui hānai ʻaʻole wale no ka palena ʻana i ke alo o nā pathogens i loko o ka matrix hānai akā no ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā hopena ikaika i ka hana gastrointestinal (17, 20-24). Eia kekahi, hana ʻia nā SCFA e ka fermentation e nā flora ʻōpū i loko o ke ala ʻai a ua manaʻo ʻia he kuleana mechanistic i ka hiki o kekahi mau probiotics a me prebiotics ke pale aku i nā pathogens i ʻai ʻia i loko o ke ala gastrointestinal (21, 23, 25).
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua huki nui ʻia ka manaʻo o nā ʻano momona pōkole (SCFAs) e like me nā mea hoʻohui hānai. ʻO ka mea nui, ʻo ka propionate, butyrate, a me ka formate ke kumuhana o nā haʻawina he nui a me nā noi kālepa (17, 20, 21, 23, 24, 26). ʻOiai ua kālele nā ​​haʻawina mua i ka kaohi ʻana i nā pathogens i lawe ʻia e ka meaʻai i ka hānai holoholona a me ka moa, ua hoʻololi nā haʻawina hou i ko lākou manaʻo i ka hoʻomaikaʻi holoʻokoʻa o ka hana holoholona a me ke olakino gastrointestinal (20, 21, 24). Ua huki nui ʻia ka manaʻo o ka Acetate, propionate, a me ka butyrate e like me nā mea hoʻohui hānai waikawa organik, a ʻo ka waikawa formic kekahi moho hoʻohiki (21, 23). Ua kālele nui ʻia ka manaʻo ma nā ʻano palekana meaʻai o ka waikawa formic, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka hanana o nā pathogens i lawe ʻia e ka meaʻai i ka hānai holoholona. Eia nō naʻe, ke noʻonoʻo ʻia nei nā hoʻohana ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka pahuhopu nui o kēia loiloi, ʻo ia ke nānā i ka mōʻaukala a me ke kūlana o kēia manawa o ka waikawa formic ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻomaikaʻi hānai holoholona (Kiʻi 1). Ma kēia haʻawina, e nānā mākou i ke ʻano antibacterial o ka waikawa formic. Eia kekahi, e nānā pono mākou i kona hopena i nā holoholona a me nā manu a kūkākūkā i nā ʻano hana e hiki ai ke hoʻomaikaʻi i kona pono.
Kiʻi 1. Palapala noʻonoʻo o nā kumuhana i uhi ʻia ma kēia loiloi. Ma ke ʻano kūikawā, ua kālele ʻia nā pahuhopu laulā ma luna: e wehewehe i ka mōʻaukala a me ke kūlana o kēia manawa o ka waikawa formic ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hānai holoholona, ​​​​nā ʻano hana antimicrobial o ka waikawa formic a me ka hopena o kona hoʻohana ʻana i ke olakino holoholona a me ka manu, a me nā ʻano hana hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pono.
ʻO ka hana ʻana i ka meaʻai no nā holoholona a me nā manu he hana paʻakikī e pili ana i nā ʻanuʻu he nui, me ka hana kino ʻana o ka palaoa (e laʻa, ka wili ʻana e hōʻemi i ka nui o ka ʻāpana), ka hana wela no ka pelleting, a me ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā meaʻai he nui i ka meaʻai ma muli o nā pono meaʻai kikoʻī o ka holoholona (27). Ma muli o kēia paʻakikī, ʻaʻole ia he mea kupanaha i ka hōʻike ʻana o ka hana ʻana i ka meaʻai i nā ʻano mea like ʻole o ke kaiapuni ma mua o ka hiki ʻana i ka wili meaʻai, i ka wā o ka wili ʻana, a ma hope i ka wā o ka lawe ʻana a me ka hānai ʻana i nā ʻāpana meaʻai hui (9, 21, 28). No laila, i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua ʻike ʻia kahi hui like ʻole o nā microorganisms i ka meaʻai, me ka bacteria wale nō akā ʻo nā bacteriophages, fungi, a me nā yeasts (9, 21, 28–31). Hiki i kekahi o kēia mau mea haumia, e like me kekahi mau fungi, ke hana i nā mycotoxins e hoʻoweliweli i ke olakino i nā holoholona (32–35).
Hiki i nā heluna bacteria ke ʻano like ʻole a hilinaʻi i kekahi ʻano ma nā ʻano hana i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me ka ʻike ʻana i nā microorganisms a me ke kumu o ka laʻana. No ka laʻana, ʻokoʻa paha ka ʻano hana microbial ma mua o ka mālama wela e pili ana me ka pelleting (36). ʻOiai ua hāʻawi mai nā ʻano hana moʻomeheu kuʻuna a me ka plate plating i kekahi ʻike, ua hāʻawi mai ka hoʻohana hou ʻana o ke ʻano hana 16S rRNA gene-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) i kahi loiloi piha o ke kaiāulu forage microbiome (9). I ka nānā ʻana o Solanki et al. (37) i ka bacterial microbiome o nā hua palaoa i mālama ʻia no kekahi manawa ma ke alo o ka phosphine, kahi fumigant kaohi pepeke, ua ʻike lākou ua ʻoi aku ka ʻokoʻa o ka microbiome ma hope o ka ʻohi ʻana a ma hope o 3 mau mahina o ka mālama ʻana. Eia kekahi, ʻo Solanki et al. (37) (37) ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, a me Planctomyces nā phyla nui i loko o nā hua palaoa, ʻo Bacillus, Erwinia, a me Pseudomonas nā genera nui, a ʻo Enterobacteriaceae kahi hapa liʻiliʻi. Ma muli o nā hoʻohālikelike taxonomic, ua hoʻoholo lākou ua hoʻololi nui ka fumigation phosphine i nā heluna bacteria akā ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia i ka ʻokoʻa fungal.
Ua hōʻike ʻo Solanki et al. (37) hiki i nā kumu hānai ke loaʻa nā pathogens i lawe ʻia e ka meaʻai e hiki ke hoʻoulu i nā pilikia olakino lehulehu ma muli o ka ʻike ʻana o Enterobacteriaceae i loko o ka microbiome. ʻO nā pathogens i lawe ʻia e ka meaʻai e like me Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium botulinum, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Escherichia coli O157:H7, a me Listeria monocytogenes ua pili pū me ka hānai holoholona a me ka silage (9, 31, 38). ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ke kūpaʻa o nā pathogens ʻē aʻe i lawe ʻia e ka meaʻai holoholona a me ka manu i kēia manawa. Ua nānā ʻo Ge et al. (39) ma luna o 200 mau meaʻai hānai holoholona a hoʻokaʻawale iā Salmonella, E. coli, a me Enterococci, akā ʻaʻole i ʻike iā E. coli O157:H7 a i ʻole Campylobacter. Eia nō naʻe, hiki i nā matrices e like me ka hānai maloʻo ke lilo i kumu o ka pathogenic E. coli. I ka huli ʻana i ke kumu o ka puka ʻana o ka maʻi Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serogroups O121 a me O26 e pili ana i ka maʻi kanaka i ka makahiki 2016, ua hoʻohana ʻo Crowe et al. (40) i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i ka genome holoʻokoʻa e hoʻohālikelike i nā isolates lapaʻau me nā isolates i loaʻa mai nā huahana meaʻai. Ma muli o kēia hoʻohālikelike, ua hoʻoholo lākou ʻo ke kumu paha he palaoa palaoa maka haʻahaʻa-makū mai nā wili palaoa. ʻO ka haʻahaʻa o ka makū o ka palaoa palaoa e hōʻike ana hiki i ka STEC ke ola i ka meaʻai holoholona haʻahaʻa-makū. Eia naʻe, e like me ka ʻōlelo a Crowe et al. (40), he paʻakikī ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o STEC mai nā laʻana palaoa a koi ʻia nā ʻano hoʻokaʻawale immunomagnetic e hoʻihoʻi i ka nui o nā cell bacteria. Hiki i nā kaʻina hana diagnostic like ke hoʻopilikia i ka ʻike ʻana a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā pathogens meaʻai kakaikahi i ka meaʻai holoholona. ʻO ka paʻakikī i ka ʻike ʻana paha ma muli o ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻomau ʻana o kēia mau pathogens i nā matrices haʻahaʻa-makū. Forghani et al. (41) ua hōʻike ʻia ua hiki ke helu ʻia ka palaoa huita i mālama ʻia ma ka mahana o ka lumi a ua hoʻokomo ʻia me ka hui ʻana o nā enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) serogroups O45, O121, a me O145 a me Salmonella (S. Typhimurium, S. Agona, S. Enteritidis, a me S. Anatum) ma 84 a me 112 mau lā a hiki ke ʻike ʻia ma 24 a me 52 mau pule.
I ka mōʻaukala, ʻaʻole i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo Campylobacter mai ka meaʻai holoholona a me ka moa e nā ʻano hana kuʻuna (38, 39), ʻoiai hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale maʻalahi ʻia ʻo Campylobacter mai ka ʻōpū o ka moa a me nā huahana moa (42, 43). Eia nō naʻe, he mau pono ko ka meaʻai ma ke ʻano he kumu kūpono. No ka laʻana, ua hōʻike ʻo Alves et al. (44) ʻo ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka meaʻai moa momona me C. jejuni a me ka mālama ʻana i ka meaʻai ma nā mahana ʻelua no 3 a 5 mau lā i hopena i ka hoʻōla ʻana o C. jejuni ola a, i kekahi mau hihia, ʻoiai ko lākou ulu ʻana. Ua hoʻoholo lākou hiki iā C. jejuni ke ola maoli i ka meaʻai moa a, no laila, he kumu kūpono paha ia o ka maʻi no nā moa.
Ua loaʻa ka nānā nui ʻia ʻana o ka haumia ʻana o Salmonella i nā meaʻai holoholona a me nā manu i ka wā ma mua a ke kau nei ia i kahi kikowaena o nā hana e hoʻomohala i nā ʻano ʻike e pili pono ana i ka meaʻai a e ʻimi i nā hana hoʻomalu ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi (12, 26, 30, 45–53). I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua nānā nā haʻawina he nui i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me ke ʻano o Salmonella ma nā hale hānai like ʻole a me nā hale wili hānai (38, 39, 54–61). Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, hōʻike kēia mau haʻawina hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo Salmonella mai nā ʻano meaʻai like ʻole, nā kumu meaʻai, nā ʻano meaʻai, a me nā hana hana meaʻai. Ua ʻokoʻa pū nā helu laha a me nā serotypes Salmonella nui i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia. No ka laʻana, ua hōʻoia ʻo Li et al. (57) i ke alo o Salmonella spp. Ua ʻike ʻia ma 12.5% ​​​​o 2058 mau laʻana i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai nā meaʻai holoholona piha, nā meaʻai meaʻai, nā meaʻai holoholona, ​​nā meaʻai holoholona, ​​a me nā mea hoʻohui holoholona i ka wā o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻikepili 2002 a 2009. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā serotypes maʻamau i ʻike ʻia ma ka 12.5% ​​​​o nā laʻana Salmonella i hoʻāʻo maikaʻi ʻia ʻo S. Senftenberg lāua ʻo S. Montevideo (57). Ma kahi noiʻi o nā meaʻai mākaukau e ʻai a me nā huahana hānai holoholona ma Texas, ua hōʻike ʻo Hsieh et al. (58) ʻo ka nui o ka Salmonella ma ka palaoa iʻa, ukali ʻia e nā protein holoholona, ​​​​me S. Mbanka lāua ʻo S. Montevideo ʻo ia nā serotypes maʻamau. Hōʻike pū nā hale wili hānai i kekahi mau wahi hiki ke haumia i ka hānai i ka wā e kāwili ana a hoʻohui i nā mea hoʻohui (9, 56, 61). Ua hiki iā Magossi et al. (61) ke hōʻike e hiki ke loaʻa nā wahi haumia he nui i ka wā o ka hana hānai ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua loaʻa iā Magossi et al. (61) ma ka liʻiliʻi hoʻokahi moʻomeheu Salmonella maikaʻi ma 11 mau hale wili hānai (12 mau wahi laʻana āpau) ma ʻewalu mau mokuʻāina ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Ma muli o ka hiki ke haumia ʻia e Salmonella i ka wā o ka lawelawe ʻana i nā meaʻai, ka halihali ʻana, a me ka hānai ʻana i kēlā me kēia lā, ʻaʻole ia he mea kupanaha ke hana nui ʻia nei nā hoʻoikaika ʻana e hoʻomohala i nā mea hoʻohui meaʻai e hiki ke hōʻemi a mālama i nā pae haʻahaʻa o ka haumia microbial ma o ke kaʻina hana holoholona.
ʻAʻole ʻike nui ʻia e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka pane kikoʻī o Salmonella i ka waikawa formic. Eia naʻe, ua hōʻike ʻo Huang et al. (62) aia ka waikawa formic i loko o ka ʻōpū liʻiliʻi o nā mammals a hiki iā Salmonella spp. ke hana i ka waikawa formic. Ua hoʻohana ʻo Huang et al. (62) i kahi moʻo o nā mutants holoi o nā ala koʻikoʻi e ʻike i ka hōʻike ʻana o nā genes virulence Salmonella a ua ʻike ʻia hiki i ka formate ke hana ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona diffusible e hoʻoulu iā Salmonella e hoʻouka i nā cell epithelial Hep-2. I kēia manawa, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻo Liu et al. (63) i kahi mea lawe formate, ʻo FocA, mai Salmonella typhimurium e hana ana ma ke ʻano he kahawai formate kikoʻī ma pH 7.0 akā hiki ke hana pū ma ke ʻano he kahawai hoʻokuʻu passive ma ka pH waho kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole ma ke ʻano he kahawai formate/hydrogen ion import lua ma ka pH haʻahaʻa. Eia naʻe, ua hana ʻia kēia haʻawina ma hoʻokahi serotype wale nō o S. Typhimurium. Ke waiho nei ka nīnau inā pane nā serotypes āpau i ka waikawa formic ma o nā ʻano like. He nīnau noiʻi koʻikoʻi kēia e pono e kamaʻilio ʻia i nā haʻawina e hiki mai ana. Me ka nānā ʻole i nā hopena, he mea naʻauao ke hoʻohana ʻana i nā serotypes Salmonella he nui a i ʻole nā ​​ʻano he nui o kēlā me kēia serotype i nā hoʻokolohua nānā ʻana i ka wā e hoʻomohala ai i nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo laulā no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻohui waikawa e hōʻemi i nā pae Salmonella i ka meaʻai. ʻO nā ʻano hana hou, e like me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka barcoding genetic e encode i nā ʻano e hoʻokaʻawale i nā hui liʻiliʻi like ʻole o ka serotype like (9, 64), hāʻawi i ka manawa kūpono e ʻike ai i nā ʻokoʻa maikaʻi aʻe e hiki ke hoʻopilikia i nā hopena a me ka wehewehe ʻana i nā ʻokoʻa.
He mea nui paha ke ʻano kemika a me ke ʻano dissociation o formate. Ma kahi moʻo o nā haʻawina, ua hōʻike ʻo Beyer et al. (65–67) ua pili ka pale ʻana o Enterococcus faecium, Campylobacter jejuni, a me Campylobacter coli me ka nui o ka waikawa formic dissociated a kūʻokoʻa ia mai ka pH a i ʻole ka waikawa formic undissociated. ʻIke ʻia he mea nui ke ʻano kemika o formate i hōʻike ʻia ai nā bacteria. Ua nānā ʻo Kovanda et al. (68) i kekahi mau meaola Gram-negative a me Gram-positive a hoʻohālikelike i nā palena iki o ka inhibitory concentrations (MICs) o ka sodium formate (500–25,000 mg/L) a me ka hui ʻana o ka sodium formate a me ka formate manuahi (40/60 m/v; 10–10,000 mg/L). Ma muli o nā waiwai MIC, ua ʻike lākou he mea pale wale ka sodium formate iā Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium perfringens, Streptococcus suis, a me Streptococcus pneumoniae, akā ʻaʻole iā Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, a i ʻole Enterococcus faecalis. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻo ka hui ʻana o ka sodium formate a me ka sodium formate manuahi he mea pale ia i nā meaola āpau, e alakaʻi ana i nā mea kākau e hoʻoholo he nui nā waiwai antimicrobial i loaʻa i ka waikawa formic manuahi. He mea hoihoi ia e nānā i nā lakio like ʻole o kēia mau ʻano kemika ʻelua e hoʻoholo ai inā pili ka laulā o nā waiwai MIC me ka pae o ka waikawa formic i loaʻa i loko o ke ʻano hui a me ka pane ʻana i ka 100% waikawa formic.
Ua hoʻāʻo ʻo Gomez-Garcia et al. (69) i nā hui pū ʻana o nā aila koʻikoʻi a me nā waikawa organik (e like me ka waikawa formic) e kūʻē i nā isolates he nui o Escherichia coli, Salmonella, a me Clostridium perfringens i loaʻa mai nā puaʻa. Ua hoʻāʻo lākou i ka pono o ʻeono mau waikawa organik, me ka waikawa formic, a me ʻeono mau aila koʻikoʻi e kūʻē i nā isolates puaʻa, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka formaldehyde ma ke ʻano he kaohi maikaʻi. Ua hoʻoholo ʻo Gomez-García et al. (69) i ka MIC50, MBC50, a me MIC50/MBC50 o ka waikawa formic e kūʻē iā Escherichia coli (600 a me 2400 ppm, 4), Salmonella (600 a me 2400 ppm, 4), a me Clostridium perfringens (1200 a me 2400 ppm, 2), i waena o ia mau mea i ʻike ʻia he ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka waikawa formic ma mua o nā waikawa organik āpau e kūʻē iā E. coli a me Salmonella. (69) He maikaʻi ka waikawa formic e kūʻē iā Escherichia coli a me Salmonella ma muli o kona nui molekala liʻiliʻi a me ke kaulahao lōʻihi (70).
Ua nānā ʻo Beyer et al. i nā ʻano Campylobacter i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai nā puaʻa (66) a me nā ʻano Campylobacter jejuni i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai nā manu (67) a ua hōʻike ʻia e hoʻokaʻawale ka waikawa formic ma nā ʻano kūlike me nā pane MIC i ana ʻia no nā waikawa organik ʻē aʻe. Eia nō naʻe, ua nīnau ʻia ka mana pili o kēia mau waikawa, me ka waikawa formic, no ka mea hiki iā Campylobacter ke hoʻohana i kēia mau waikawa ma ke ʻano he substrates (66, 67). ʻAʻole ia he mea kupanaha ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka waikawa o C. jejuni no ka mea ua hōʻike ʻia he metabolism nonglycolytic. No laila, he palena ko C. jejuni no ka catabolism carbohydrate a hilinaʻi i ka gluconeogenesis mai nā waikawa amino a me nā waikawa organik no ka hapa nui o kāna metabolism ikehu a me ka hana biosynthetic (71, 72). Ua hoʻohana kahi noiʻi mua e Line et al. (73) i kahi phenotypic array e loaʻa ana he 190 mau kumu kalapona a ua hōʻike ʻia e hiki iā C. jejuni 11168(GS) ke hoʻohana i nā waikawa organik ma ke ʻano he kumu kalapona, ʻo ka hapa nui o ia mau mea he mau waena o ka pōʻaiapuni waikawa tricarboxylic. Nā noiʻi hou a Wagli et al. (74) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi phenotypic carbon utilization array i hōʻike ʻia ua hiki i nā ʻano C. jejuni a me E. coli i nānā ʻia i kā lākou noiʻi ke ulu ma luna o nā waikawa organik ma ke ʻano he kumu kalapona. ʻO Formate ka mea hāʻawi electron nui no ka metabolism ikehu hanu C. jejuni a, no laila, ke kumu ikehu nui no C. jejuni (71, 75). Hiki iā C. jejuni ke hoʻohana i ka formate ma ke ʻano he mea hāʻawi hydrogen ma o kahi membrane-bound formate dehydrogenase complex e oxidizes formate i carbon dioxide, protons, a me nā electrons a lawelawe ma ke ʻano he mea hāʻawi electron no ka hanu ʻana (72).
He mōʻaukala lōʻihi ko ka waikawa formic no ka hoʻohana ʻana ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻomaikaʻi hānai antimicrobial, akā hiki i kekahi mau pepeke ke hana i ka waikawa formic no ka hoʻohana ʻana ma ke ʻano he kemika pale antimicrobial. Ua hōʻike ʻo Rossini et al. (76) he ʻāpana paha ka waikawa formic o ka wai waikawa o nā ʻanuʻu i wehewehe ʻia e Ray (77) kokoke i 350 mau makahiki i hala. Mai ia manawa, ua piʻi nui ko mākou ʻike i ka hana ʻana o ka waikawa formic i nā ʻanuʻu a me nā pepeke ʻē aʻe, a ua ʻike ʻia i kēia manawa ʻo kēia kaʻina hana he ʻāpana o kahi ʻōnaehana pale toxin paʻakikī i nā pepeke (78). ʻO nā hui like ʻole o nā pepeke, me nā pi ʻino ʻole, nā ʻanuʻu kiko (Hymenoptera: Apidae), nā pepeke lepo (Galerita lecontei a me G. janus), nā ʻanuʻu ʻino ʻole (Formicinae), a me kekahi mau larvae moth (Lepidoptera: Myrmecophaga), ua ʻike ʻia e hana i ka waikawa formic ma ke ʻano he kemika pale (76, 78–82).
ʻO nā ʻanuʻu paha ka mea i ʻike maikaʻi ʻia no ka mea he mau acidocytes ko lākou, nā puka kūikawā e hiki ai iā lākou ke pīpī i kahi mea ʻawaʻawa i haku ʻia me ka waikawa formic (82). Hoʻohana nā ʻanuʻu i ka serine ma ke ʻano he precursor a mālama i ka nui o ka formate i loko o kā lākou mau ʻōpū venom, kahi i lawa ka insulated e pale i nā ʻanuʻu host mai ka cytotoxicity o ka formate a hiki i ka pīpī ʻia ʻana (78, 83). ʻO ka waikawa formic a lākou e hūnā ai (1) e lawelawe ma ke ʻano he pheromone alarm e huki i nā ʻanuʻu ʻē aʻe; (2) he kemika pale kūʻē i nā mea hoʻokūkū a me nā mea ʻaihue; a (3) hana ma ke ʻano he antifungal a me antibacterial agent i ka wā i hui pū ʻia me ka resin ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ka mea pūnana (78, 82, 84–88). ʻO ka waikawa formic i hana ʻia e nā ʻanuʻu he mau waiwai antimicrobial, e hōʻike ana e hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui topical. Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia e Bruch et al. (88), nāna i hoʻohui i ka waikawa formic synthetic i ka resin a hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ka hana antifungal. ʻO kekahi hōʻike hou aʻe o ka pono o ka waikawa formic a me kona pono olaola, ʻo ia ka ʻai ʻana o nā anteaters nunui, ʻaʻole hiki ke hana i ka waikawa ʻōpū, i nā ʻanuʻu e loaʻa ana ka waikawa formic e hoʻolako iā lākou iho me ka waikawa formic i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ke ʻano he waikawa digestive ʻē aʻe (89).
Ua noʻonoʻo ʻia a ua aʻo ʻia ka hoʻohana pono ʻana o ka waikawa formic i ka mahiʻai no nā makahiki he nui. Ma ke ʻano kūikawā, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka waikawa formic ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui i ka hānai holoholona a me ka silage. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo Sodium formate ma ke ʻano paʻa a me ka wai he palekana no nā ʻano holoholona āpau, nā mea kūʻai aku a me ke kaiapuni (90). Ma muli o kā lākou loiloi (90), ua manaʻo ʻia he palekana ka nui o 10,000 mg formic acid equivalents/kg hānai no nā ʻano holoholona āpau, ʻoiai ua manaʻo ʻia he palekana ka nui o 12,000 mg formic acid equivalents/kg hānai no nā puaʻa. Ua aʻo ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka waikawa formic ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻomaikaʻi hānai holoholona no nā makahiki he nui. Ua manaʻo ʻia he waiwai kālepa ia ma ke ʻano he mea mālama silage a he mea antimicrobial i ka hānai holoholona a me ka manu.
ʻO nā mea hoʻohui kemika e like me nā waikawa he mea nui ia i ka hana silage a me ka hoʻokele hānai (91, 92). Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Borreani et al. (91) no ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka hana maikaʻi loa o ka silage kiʻekiʻe, pono ia e mālama i ka maikaʻi o ka forage me ka mālama ʻana i ka nui o ka mea maloʻo e like me ka hiki. ʻO ka hopena o ia ʻano hoʻonui ʻana, ʻo ia ka hoʻemi ʻana i nā pohō ma nā pae āpau o ke kaʻina hana ensiling: mai nā kūlana aerobic mua ma ka silo a hiki i ka fermentation ma hope, ka mālama ʻana a me ka wehe hou ʻana o ka silo no ka hānai ʻana. Ua kūkākūkā kikoʻī ʻia nā ʻano kikoʻī no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hana silage kahua a me ka fermentation silage ma hope ma kahi ʻē aʻe (91, 93-95) a ʻaʻole e kūkākūkā kikoʻī ʻia ma aneʻi. ʻO ka pilikia nui ka hōʻino oxidative i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā hū a me nā ʻōpala ke loaʻa ka oxygen i loko o ka silage (91, 92). No laila, ua hoʻolauna ʻia nā inoculants biological a me nā mea hoʻohui kemika e pale aku i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole o ka spoilage (91, 92). ʻO nā mea ʻē aʻe e noʻonoʻo ai no nā mea hoʻohui silage e pili ana i ka palena ʻana i ka laha ʻana o nā pathogens i loaʻa paha i loko o ka silage (e laʻa, pathogenic E. coli, Listeria, a me Salmonella) a me nā fungi mycotoxin-producing (96–98).
Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻo Mack et al. (92) i nā mea hoʻohui waikawa i ʻelua mau māhele. Mālama nā waikawa e like me ka propionic, acetic, sorbic, a me nā benzoic acids i ke kūpaʻa aerobic o ka silage i ka wā e hānai ʻia ai i nā ruminants ma ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka ulu ʻana o nā hū a me nā ʻōpala (92). Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻo Mack et al. (92) i ka waikawa formic mai nā waikawa ʻē aʻe a ua manaʻo ʻia he acidifier pololei e kāohi ana i ka clostridia a me nā microorganism spoilage me ka mālama ʻana i ka pono o ka protein silage. I ka hana maoli, ʻo kā lākou mau ʻano paʻakai nā ʻano kemika maʻamau e pale aku i nā waiwai corrosive o nā waikawa i ke ʻano paʻakai ʻole (91). Ua aʻo pū nā hui noiʻi he nui i ka waikawa formic ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui waikawa no ka silage. Ua ʻike ʻia ka waikawa formic no kona hiki ke acidifying wikiwiki a me kona hopena inhibitory i ka ulu ʻana o nā microorganisms silage ʻino e hōʻemi ana i ka protein a me ka wai-soluble carbohydrate o ka silage (99). No laila, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻo He et al. (92) i ka waikawa formic me nā mea hoʻohui waikawa i ka silage. (100) ua hōʻike ʻia e hiki i ka waikawa formic ke kāohi iā Escherichia coli a hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka pH o ka silage. Ua hoʻohui pū ʻia nā moʻomeheu bacteria e hana ana i ka waikawa formic a me ka lactic i ka silage e hoʻoulu i ka acidification a me ka hana ʻana o ka waikawa organik (101). ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua ʻike ʻo Cooley et al. (101) i ka wā i hoʻohuihui ʻia ai ka silage me 3% (w/v) waikawa formic, ua ʻoi aku ka hana ʻana o nā waikawa lactic a me formic ma mua o 800 a me 1000 mg waikawa organik/100 g laʻana, kēlā me kēia. Ua nānā hou ʻo Mack et al. (92) i nā palapala noiʻi hoʻohui silage ma ke kikoʻī, me nā haʻawina i paʻi ʻia mai ka makahiki 2000 i kālele ʻia a/a i ʻole i hoʻokomo ʻia ka waikawa formic a me nā waikawa ʻē aʻe. No laila, ʻaʻole e kūkākūkā kēia loiloi i nā haʻawina pākahi ma ke kikoʻī akā e hōʻuluʻulu wale i kekahi mau kumu koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka pono o ka waikawa formic ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui silage kemika. Ua aʻo ʻia nā waikawa formic unbuffered a me buffered a i ka hapa nui o nā hihia Clostridium spp. ʻO kāna mau hana pili (carbohydrate, protein, a me ka lactate uptake a me ka butyrate excretion) e emi ana, ʻoiai e emi ana ka hana ʻana o ka ammonia a me ka butyrate a piʻi ka paʻa ʻana o nā mea maloʻo (92). Aia nā palena i ka hana o ka waikawa formic, akā ʻo kona hoʻohana ʻana ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui silage i hui pū ʻia me nā waikawa ʻē aʻe e like me ka mea e lanakila ai i kekahi o kēia mau pilikia (92).
Hiki i ka waikawa Formic ke kāohi i nā bacteria pathogenic e hoʻoweliweli i ke olakino kanaka. No ka laʻana, ua hoʻokomo ʻo Pauly lāua ʻo Tam (102) i nā silos laboratory liʻiliʻi me L. monocytogenes e loaʻa ana ʻekolu mau pae maloʻo like ʻole (200, 430, a me 540 g/kg) o ka ryegrass a laila hoʻohui ʻia me ka waikawa formic (3 ml/kg) a i ʻole ka bacteria lactic acid (8 × 105/g) a me nā enzymes cellulolytic. Ua hōʻike lākou ua hōʻemi nā lāʻau ʻelua i ka L. monocytogenes i nā pae ʻike ʻole ʻia i loko o ka silage maloʻo haʻahaʻa (200 g/kg). Eia naʻe, i loko o ka silage maloʻo waena (430 g/kg), ua ʻike ʻia ʻo L. monocytogenes ma hope o 30 mau lā i loko o ka silage i mālama ʻia me ka waikawa formic. ʻIke ʻia ka emi ʻana o L. monocytogenes e pili ana me ka pH haʻahaʻa, ka waikawa lactic, a me nā waikawa undissociated i hui pū ʻia. No ka laʻana, ua ʻike ʻo Pauly lāua ʻo Tam (102) he mea nui loa ka waikawa lactic a me nā pae waikawa undissociated i hui pū ʻia, ʻo ia paha ke kumu i ʻike ʻole ʻia ai ka emi ʻana o L. monocytogenes i nā media i mālama ʻia me ka waikawa formic mai nā silages me nā ʻike maloʻo kiʻekiʻe. Pono e hana ʻia nā haʻawina like i ka wā e hiki mai ana no nā pathogens silage maʻamau e like me Salmonella a me ka pathogenic E. coli. ʻO ka loiloi ʻana o ka moʻo 16S rDNA piha o ke kaiāulu microbial silage holoʻokoʻa e kōkua pū i ka ʻike ʻana i nā loli i ka heluna microbial silage holoʻokoʻa e hana ʻia ma nā pae like ʻole o ka fermentation silage i ke alo o ka waikawa formic (103). ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻikepili microbiome e hāʻawi i ke kākoʻo analytical e wānana maikaʻi i ka holomua o ka fermentation silage a e hoʻomohala i nā hui hoʻohui kūpono e mālama i ka maikaʻi silage kiʻekiʻe.
I loko o nā meaʻai holoholona i hana ʻia me ka palaoa, hoʻohana ʻia ka waikawa formic ma ke ʻano he mea antimicrobial e kaupalena i nā pae pathogen i nā matrices hānai like ʻole i loaʻa mai ka palaoa a me kekahi mau meaʻai hānai e like me nā huahana holoholona. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale nui ʻia nā hopena ma nā heluna pathogen i loko o ka manu a me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe i ʻelua mau ʻāpana: nā hopena pololei ma ka heluna pathogen o ka meaʻai ponoʻī a me nā hopena ʻole pololei ma nā pathogens e noho ana i ka ʻōpū gastrointestinal o nā holoholona ma hope o ka ʻai ʻana i ka meaʻai i mālama ʻia (20, 21, 104). ʻIke loa, pili kēia mau ʻāpana ʻelua, ʻoiai ʻo ka emi ʻana o nā pathogens i loko o ka meaʻai e hopena i ka emi ʻana o ka colonization i ka wā e ʻai ai ka holoholona i ka meaʻai. Eia nō naʻe, hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia nā waiwai antimicrobial o kahi waikawa kikoʻī i hoʻohui ʻia i kahi matrix hānai e kekahi mau mea, e like me ke ʻano o ka meaʻai a me ke ʻano i hoʻohui ʻia ai ka waikawa (21, 105).
I ka wā ma mua, ua kālele nui ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka waikawa formic a me nā waikawa pili ʻē aʻe i ka kaohi pololei ʻana o Salmonella i ka hānai holoholona a me ka moa (21). Ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻia nā hopena o kēia mau haʻawina i nā loiloi he nui i paʻi ʻia i nā manawa like ʻole (18, 21, 26, 47, 104–106), no laila ua kūkākūkā ʻia kekahi o nā ʻike koʻikoʻi mai kēia mau haʻawina ma kēia loiloi. Ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau haʻawina e pili ana ka hana antimicrobial o ka waikawa formic i loko o nā matrices hānai i ka nui a me ka manawa o ka hōʻike ʻana i ka waikawa formic, ka nui o ka makū o ka matrix hānai, a me ka nui o ka bacteria i loko o ka hānai a me ke ala gastrointestinal o ka holoholona (19, 21, 107–109). ʻO ke ʻano o ka matrix hānai a me ke kumu o nā meaʻai hānai holoholona kekahi mau mea e hoʻohuli nei. No laila, ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau haʻawina he ʻokoʻa paha nā pae Salmonella ʻO nā mea ʻawahia bacteria i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai nā huahana holoholona mai nā mea i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai nā huahana mea kanu (39, 45, 58, 59, 110–112). Eia nō naʻe, ʻo nā ʻokoʻa o ka pane ʻana i nā waikawa e like me ka waikawa formic e pili ana paha i nā ʻokoʻa o ke ola ʻana o ka serovar i ka meaʻai a me ka mahana e hana ʻia ai ka meaʻai (19, 113, 114). ʻO nā ʻokoʻa o ka pane ʻana o ka serovar i ka mālama ʻana i ka waikawa hiki ke lilo i kumu i ka haumia o ka moa me ka meaʻai haumia (113, 115), a ʻo nā ʻokoʻa o ka hōʻike ʻana o ka gene virulence (116) e pāʻani pū kekahi i kahi kuleana. ʻO nā ʻokoʻa o ka hoʻomanawanui waikawa e hoʻopilikia paha i ka ʻike ʻana o Salmonella i nā media moʻomeheu inā ʻaʻole i lawa ka buffering o nā waikawa i lawe ʻia e ka meaʻai (21, 105, 117–122). ʻO ke ʻano kino o ka meaʻai (e pili ana i ka nui o ka ʻāpana) hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka waikawa formic i loko o ka ʻōpū gastrointestinal (123).
He mea koʻikoʻi nō hoʻi nā hoʻolālā e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana antimicrobial o ka waikawa formic i hoʻohui ʻia i ka meaʻai. Ua manaʻo ʻia nā ʻano kiʻekiʻe o ka waikawa no nā meaʻai meaʻai haumia kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka hui ʻana o ka meaʻai e hōʻemi i ka hiki ke hōʻino i nā lako hana wili meaʻai a me nā pilikia me ka palatability o ka meaʻai holoholona (105). Ua hoʻoholo ʻo Jones (51) ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka Salmonella i loaʻa i ka meaʻai ma mua o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe kemika ma mua o Salmonella i ka launa pū ʻana me ka meaʻai ma hope o ka mālama kemika. Ua manaʻo ʻia ka mālama wela o ka meaʻai i ka wā o ka hana ʻana ma ka wili meaʻai ma ke ʻano he hana e kaupalena ai i ka haumia o Salmonella i ka meaʻai, akā pili kēia i ka haku mele ʻana o ka meaʻai, ka nui o ka ʻāpana, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ke kaʻina hana wili (51). Pili pū ka hana antimicrobial o nā waikawa i ka mahana, a ʻo nā mahana kiʻekiʻe i ke alo o nā waikawa organik he hopena inhibitory synergistic paha iā Salmonella, e like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia i nā moʻomeheu wai o Salmonella (124, 125). Kākoʻo kekahi mau haʻawina o nā meaʻai i haumia ʻia e Salmonella i ka manaʻo e hoʻonui ka mahana kiʻekiʻe i ka pono o nā waikawa i loko o ka matrix hānai (106, 113, 126). Amado et al. (127) ua hoʻohana i kahi hoʻolālā hui waena e aʻo i ka pilina o ka mahana a me ka waikawa (formic a lactic acid paha) i loko o 10 mau ʻano o Salmonella enterica a me Escherichia coli i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai nā meaʻai pipi like ʻole a hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o nā pellets pipi acidified. Ua hoʻoholo lākou ʻo ka wela ke kumu nui e hoʻopilikia ana i ka hōʻemi microbial, me ka waikawa a me ke ʻano o ka bacterial isolate. ʻO ka hopena synergistic me ka waikawa ke kau nei, no laila hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā mahana haʻahaʻa a me nā ʻano waikawa. Eia nō naʻe, ua ʻike pū lākou ʻaʻole i ʻike mau ʻia nā hopena synergistic i ka wā i hoʻohana ʻia ai ka waikawa formic, e alakaʻi ana iā lākou e manaʻo he mea nui ka volatilization o ka waikawa formic i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole nā ​​​​hopena buffering o nā ʻāpana matrix hānai.
ʻO ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ke ola o ka meaʻai ma mua o ka hānai ʻana i nā holoholona kekahi ala e kāohi ai i ka hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana o nā pathogens i lawe ʻia e ka meaʻai i loko o ke kino o ka holoholona i ka wā e hānai ana. Eia nō naʻe, i ka wā i komo ai ka waikawa i loko o ka meaʻai i loko o ke ala gastrointestinal, hiki iā ia ke hoʻomau i kāna hana antimicrobial. ʻO ka hana antimicrobial o nā mea waikawa i hāʻawi ʻia ma waho i loko o ke ala gastrointestinal e hilinaʻi paha i nā kumu like ʻole, me ka nui o ka waikawa gastric, ka wahi hana o ke ala gastrointestinal, ka pH a me ka nui o ka oxygen o ke ala gastrointestinal, ka makahiki o ka holoholona, ​​a me ka hoʻohuihui pili o ka heluna microbial gastrointestinal (e hilinaʻi ana i kahi o ke ala gastrointestinal a me ka oʻo ʻana o ka holoholona) (21, 24, 128–132). Eia kekahi, ʻo ka heluna noho o nā microorganisms anaerobic i loko o ke ala gastrointestinal (ka mea e lilo i mea nui ma ke ala digestive haʻahaʻa o nā holoholona monogastric i ko lākou oʻo ʻana) e hana ikaika i nā waikawa organik ma o ka fermentation, a hiki ke loaʻa ka hopena antagonistic i nā pathogens transient e komo ana i ke ala gastrointestinal (17, 19–21).
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā noiʻi mua i kālele ʻia ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā waikawa organik, me ka formate, e kaupalena iā Salmonella i loko o ke ala gastrointestinal o ka moa, kahi i kūkākūkā kikoʻī ʻia ma kekahi mau loiloi (12, 20, 21). Ke noʻonoʻo pū ʻia kēia mau haʻawina, hiki ke hana ʻia kekahi mau nānā koʻikoʻi. Ua hōʻike ʻo McHan lāua ʻo Shotts (133) ua hōʻemi ka hānai ʻana i ka waikawa formic a me ka propionic i nā pae o Salmonella Typhimurium i loko o ka cecum o nā moa i hoʻokomo ʻia me ka bacteria a ua helu ʻia lākou i 7, 14, a me 21 mau lā o ka makahiki. Eia naʻe, i ka wā i nānā ai ʻo Hume et al. (128) i ka propionate i hōʻailona ʻia ʻo C-14, ua hoʻoholo lākou he liʻiliʻi loa ka propionate i ka meaʻai e hiki i ka cecum. Ke waiho ʻia nei e hoʻoholo inā he ʻoiaʻiʻo nō hoʻi kēia no ka waikawa formic. Eia naʻe, i kēia manawa ʻo Bourassa et al. (134) ua hōʻike ʻia ua hoʻemi ka hānai ʻana i ka waikawa formic a me ka propionic i nā pae o Salmonella Typhimurium i loko o ka cecum o nā moa i hoʻokomo ʻia me ka bacteria, i helu ʻia ma 7, 14, a me 21 mau lā o ka makahiki. (132) ua ʻike ʻia ua hoʻemi ka hānai ʻana i ka waikawa formic ma 4 g/t i nā moa broiler i ka wā ulu 6 pule i ka nui o S. Typhimurium i loko o ka cecum i lalo o ka pae ʻike.
ʻO ke alo o ka waikawa formic i ka meaʻai e loaʻa paha nā hopena i nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ka ʻōpū gastrointestinal manu. Ua hōʻike ʻo Al-Tarazi lāua ʻo Alshavabkeh (134) hiki i ka hui ʻana o ka waikawa formic a me ka waikawa propionic ke hōʻemi i ka haumia o Salmonella pullorum (S. PRlorum) i loko o ka mea kanu a me ka cecum. Ua ʻike ʻo Thompson lāua ʻo Hinton (129) ua hoʻonui ka hui ʻana o ka waikawa formic a me ka waikawa propionic i ka nui o nā waikawa i loko o ka mea kanu a me ka puʻupuʻu a he bactericidal ia e kūʻē iā Salmonella Enteritidis PT4 i loko o kahi kumu hoʻohālike in vitro ma lalo o nā kūlana hānai ʻelele. Kākoʻo ʻia kēia manaʻo e ka ʻikepili in vivo mai Bird et al. (135) i hoʻohui i ka waikawa formic i ka wai inu o nā moa broiler i ka wā hoʻokē ʻai hoʻohālike ma mua o ka hoʻouna ʻana, e like me nā moa broiler hoʻokē ʻai e hana ai ma mua o ka lawe ʻana i kahi hale hana moa. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka waikawa formic i ka wai inu ua hopena i ka emi ʻana o ka helu o S. Typhimurium i loko o ka mea kanu a me ka epididymis, a me ka emi ʻana o ke alapine o nā mea kanu S. Typhimurium-positive, akā ʻaʻole i ka helu o nā epididymis maikaʻi (135). ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana hāʻawi e hiki ke pale i nā waikawa organik i ka wā e hana ana lākou ma ke ala gastrointestinal haʻahaʻa e kōkua i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka pono. No ka laʻana, ua hōʻike ʻia ka microencapsulation o ka waikawa formic a me kona hoʻohui ʻana i ka meaʻai e hōʻemi i ka helu o Salmonella Enteritidis i loko o nā mea cecal (136). Eia naʻe, hiki ke ʻokoʻa kēia ma muli o nā ʻano holoholona. No ka laʻana, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻo Walia et al. (137) i ka emi ʻana o Salmonella i loko o ka cecum a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​lymp nodes o nā puaʻa 28 lā i hānai ʻia i ka hui ʻana o ka waikawa formic, ka waikawa citric, a me nā capsules aila koʻikoʻi, a ʻoiai ua emi ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o Salmonella i loko o nā feces i ka lā 14, ʻaʻole i emi iho i ka lā 28. Ua hōʻike lākou ua pale ʻia ka hoʻoili ʻana o Salmonella ma waena o nā puaʻa.
ʻOiai ua kālele nui ʻia nā haʻawina o ka waikawa formic ma ke ʻano he mea antimicrobial i ka mahiʻai holoholona ma luna o Salmonella i lawe ʻia e ka meaʻai, aia kekahi mau haʻawina e pili ana i nā pathogens gastrointestinal ʻē aʻe. Hōʻike nā haʻawina in vitro e Kovanda et al. (68) e hiki ke kūpono ka waikawa formic i nā pathogens gastrointestinal ʻē aʻe i lawe ʻia e ka meaʻai, me Escherichia coli a me Campylobacter jejuni. Ua hōʻike nā haʻawina mua e hiki i nā waikawa organik (e laʻa, ka waikawa lactic) a me nā hui kalepa e loaʻa ana ka waikawa formic ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui ke hōʻemi i nā pae Campylobacter i loko o ka moa (135, 138). Eia naʻe, e like me ka mea i ʻōlelo mua ʻia e Beyer et al. (67), ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka waikawa formic ma ke ʻano he mea antimicrobial e kūʻē iā Campylobacter e pono ai ke akahele. He pilikia nui kēia ʻike no ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka meaʻai i loko o ka moa no ka mea ʻo ka waikawa formic ke kumu ikehu hanu mua no C. jejuni. Eia kekahi, ua manaʻo ʻia kekahi hapa o kona niche gastrointestinal ma muli o ka metabolic cross-feeding me nā huahana fermentation acid i hui ʻia i hana ʻia e nā bacteria gastrointestinal, e like me formate (139). Loaʻa i kēia manaʻo kekahi kumu. No ka mea, he chemoattractant ka formate no C. jejuni, ua hoʻemi nā mutants pālua me nā hemahema i loko o ka formate dehydrogenase a me ka hydrogenase i nā helu o ka colonization cecal i loko o nā moa broiler i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻano hihiu C. jejuni (140, 141). ʻAʻole maopopo i ka nui o ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka waikawa formic waho i ka colonization tract gastrointestinal e C. jejuni i loko o nā moa. Hiki ke haʻahaʻa nā ʻano formate gastrointestinal maoli ma muli o ka catabolism formate e nā bacteria gastrointestinal ʻē aʻe a i ʻole ka absorption formate ma ke ala gastrointestinal kiʻekiʻe, no laila hiki i kekahi mau loli ke hoʻopilikia i kēia. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka formate kahi huahana fermentation hiki ke hana ʻia e kekahi mau bacteria gastrointestinal, hiki ke hoʻopilikia i nā pae formate gastrointestinal holoʻokoʻa. ʻO ka helu ʻana o ka formate i loko o nā ʻike gastrointestinal a me ka ʻike ʻana i nā genes formate dehydrogenase me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka metagenomics e hoʻomālamalama paha i kekahi mau ʻano o ka ecology o nā microorganisms e hana ana i ka formate.
Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻo Roth et al. (142) i nā hopena o ka hānai ʻana i nā moa broiler i ka antibiotic enrofloxacin a i ʻole ka hui ʻana o nā waikawa formic, acetic, a me propionic ma ka laha ʻana o ka Escherichia coli kūʻē i ka antibiotic. Ua helu ʻia nā isolates E. coli āpau a me nā antibiotic-resistant i loko o nā laʻana fecal i hōʻuluʻulu ʻia mai nā moa broiler 1 lā a ma nā laʻana o ka cecal mai nā moa broiler 14 a me 38 lā. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia nā isolates E. coli no ke kūʻē ʻana i ka ampicillin, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, a me tetracycline e like me nā breakpoints i hoʻoholo mua ʻia no kēlā me kēia antibiotic. I ka wā i helu ʻia ai a wehewehe ʻia nā heluna kanaka E. coli, ʻaʻole i hoʻololi ka enrofloxacin a me ka hoʻohuihui acid cocktail i ka huina o ka E. coli i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai ka ceca o nā moa broiler 17 a me 28 lā. ʻO nā manu i hānai ʻia i ka ʻai i hoʻohui ʻia me ka enrofloxacin ua piʻi aʻe nā pae o ka ciprofloxacin-, streptomycin-, sulfamethoxazole-, a me ka tetracycline-resistant E. coli a ua emi nā pae o ka cefotaxime-resistant E. coli i loko o ka ceca. ʻO nā manu i hānai ʻia i ka cocktail ua emi ka nui o ka ampicillin- a me ka tetracycline-resistant E. coli i loko o ka ceca i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā kaohi a me nā manu i hoʻohui ʻia me ka enrofloxacin. ʻO nā manu i hānai ʻia i ka waikawa hui pū ʻia ua emi pū ka nui o ka ciprofloxacin- a me ka sulfamethoxazole-resistant E. coli i loko o ka cecum i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā manu i hānai ʻia me ka enrofloxacin. ʻAʻole maopopo ke ʻano e hōʻemi ai nā waikawa i ka nui o ka antibiotic-resistant E. coli me ka ʻole o ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka nui o ka E. coli. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo nā hopena o ke aʻo ʻana e Roth et al. ua kūlike me nā mea o ka hui enrofloxacin. (142) He hōʻailona paha kēia o ka hoʻemi ʻia ʻana o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā genes antibiotic resistance i loko o E. coli, e like me nā plasmid-linked inhibitors i wehewehe ʻia e Cabezon et al. (143). He mea hoihoi ia e hana i kahi loiloi hohonu o ke kū'ē'ē antibiotic i hoʻopili ʻia e ka plasmid i loko o ka heluna manu gastrointestinal i ke alo o nā mea hoʻohui hānai e like me ka formic acid a e hoʻomaʻemaʻe hou i kēia loiloi ma ka loiloi ʻana i ke kū'ē'ē gastrointestinal.
ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea hoʻohui hānai antimicrobial kūpono e kūʻē i nā pathogens e pono e loaʻa ka hopena liʻiliʻi ma ka flora gastrointestinal holoʻokoʻa, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma kēlā mau microbiota i manaʻo ʻia he pono i ka mea hoʻokipa. Eia nō naʻe, hiki i nā waikawa organik i lawelawe ʻia ma waho ke loaʻa nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole ma ka microbiota gastrointestinal noho a i kekahi ʻano e hōʻole i kā lākou mau waiwai pale e kūʻē i nā pathogens. No ka laʻana, ua ʻike ʻo Thompson lāua ʻo Hinton (129) i ka emi ʻana o ka pae waikawa lactic o ka mea kanu i nā moa wahine i hānai ʻia i ka hui ʻana o nā waikawa formic a me propionic, e hōʻike ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o kēia mau waikawa organik exogenous i loko o ka mea kanu i hopena i ka emi ʻana o ka lactobacilli mea kanu. Ua manaʻo ʻia nā lactobacilli mea kanu he pale iā Salmonella, a no laila ʻo ka hoʻopilikia ʻana i kēia microbiota mea kanu noho e hōʻino paha i ka hōʻemi holomua ʻana o ka kolone ʻana o Salmonella o ka ʻōpū gastrointestinal (144). Ua ʻike ʻo Açıkgöz et al. e emi paha nā hopena o ka ʻōpū gastrointestinal haʻahaʻa o nā manu. (145) ʻAʻohe ʻokoʻa i loaʻa i ka flora intestinal holoʻokoʻa a i ʻole ka helu ʻana o Escherichia coli i nā moa broiler 42 lā i inu wai i hoʻohuihui ʻia me ka waikawa formic. Ua hōʻike mai nā mea kākau he kumu paha kēia o ka metabolized ʻana o ka formate ma ke ala gastrointestinal kiʻekiʻe, e like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia e nā mea noiʻi ʻē aʻe me nā waikawa momona kaulahao pōkole (SCFA) i lawelawe ʻia ma waho (128, 129).
ʻO ka pale ʻana i ka waikawa formic ma o kekahi ʻano encapsulation e kōkua paha iā ia e hiki i ke ala gastrointestinal haʻahaʻa. (146) ua ʻike ʻia ua hoʻonui nui ka waikawa formic microencapsulated i ka nui o ka waikawa momona pōkole (SCFA) i loko o ka cecum o nā puaʻa i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā puaʻa i hānai ʻia me ka waikawa formic pale ʻole. Ua alakaʻi kēia hopena i nā mea kākau e hōʻike e hiki i ka waikawa formic ke hiki i ke ala gastrointestinal haʻahaʻa inā pale pono ʻia. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa kekahi mau palena ʻē aʻe, e like me ka formate a me ka lactate concentrations, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā puaʻa i hānai ʻia i kahi ʻai kaohi, mai nā puaʻa i hānai ʻia i kahi ʻai formate pale ʻole. ʻOiai ua hōʻike nā puaʻa i hānai ʻia me ka waikawa formic pale ʻole a me ka pale ʻia i kahi piʻi ʻekolu manawa o ka waikawa lactic, ʻaʻole i hoʻololi ʻia ka helu lactobacilli e kekahi o nā lāʻau lapaʻau. Hiki ke ʻike nui ʻia nā ʻokoʻa no nā microorganisms hana waikawa lactic ʻē aʻe i loko o ka cecum (1) i ʻike ʻole ʻia e kēia mau ʻano a/a i ʻole (2) nona ka hana metabolic i hoʻopilikia ʻia, no laila e hoʻololi ana i ke ʻano fermentation i hiki ai i nā lactobacilli noho ke hana i ka waikawa lactic hou aku.
I mea e aʻo pono ai i nā hopena o nā mea hoʻohui hānai ma ke ala gastrointestinal o nā holoholona mahiʻai, pono nā ʻano ʻike microbial kiʻekiʻe. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻonohonoho hanauna hou (NGS) o ka gene 16S RNA e ʻike i nā taxa microbiome a hoʻohālikelike i nā ʻano like ʻole o nā kaiāulu microbial (147), kahi i hāʻawi i kahi ʻike maikaʻi aʻe o nā pilina ma waena o nā mea hoʻohui hānai meaʻai a me ka microbiota gastrointestinal o nā holoholona meaʻai e like me ka moa.
Ua hoʻohana kekahi mau haʻawina i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka microbiome e loiloi i ka pane o ka microbiome gastrointestinal moa i ka hoʻopihapiha formate. Ua hana ʻo Oakley et al. (148) i kahi noiʻi i nā moa broiler 42 lā i hoʻohui ʻia me nā hui like ʻole o ka waikawa formic, ka waikawa propionic, a me nā waikawa momona kaulahao waena i loko o kā lākou wai inu a i ʻole ka hānai. Ua hoʻokūkū ʻia nā moa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me kahi ʻano Salmonella typhimurium kūʻē i ka waikawa nalidixic a ua wehe ʻia kā lākou ceca i ka 0, 7, 21, a me 42 mau lā o ka makahiki. Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā laʻana Cecal no 454 pyrosequencing a ua loiloi ʻia nā hopena sequencing no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me ka hoʻohālikelike like. Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia nui nā lāʻau lapaʻau i ka cecal microbiome a i ʻole nā ​​​​pae S. Typhimurium. Eia nō naʻe, ua emi nā helu ʻike Salmonella holoʻokoʻa i ka wā e ʻelemakule ai nā manu, e like me ka hōʻoia ʻana e ka loiloi taxonomic o ka microbiome, a ua emi pū ka nui o nā moʻo Salmonella i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa. Ua ʻike nā mea kākau i ka wā e ʻelemakule ai nā broilers, ua piʻi aʻe ke ʻano like ʻole o ka heluna microbial cecal, me nā loli koʻikoʻi loa i ka flora gastrointestinal i ʻike ʻia ma nā hui lapaʻau āpau. Ma kahi noiʻi hou, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻo Hu et al. (149) i nā hopena o ka inu wai a me ka hānai ʻana i kahi meaʻai i hoʻohui ʻia me ka hui ʻana o nā waikawa organik (formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, a me ammonium formate) a me virginiamycin ma nā laʻana cecal microbiome mai nā moa broiler i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma ʻelua mau pae (1-21 mau lā a me 22-42 mau lā). ʻOiai ua ʻike ʻia kekahi mau ʻokoʻa i ka ʻokoʻa o ka cecal microbiome ma waena o nā hui lapaʻau i 21 mau lā o ka makahiki, ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa i ka ʻokoʻa o ka α- a i ʻole β-bacteria i ʻike ʻia i 42 mau lā. Ma muli o ka nele o nā ʻokoʻa i 42 mau lā o ka makahiki, ua manaʻo nā mea kākau e hiki ke loaʻa ka pono o ka ulu ʻana ma muli o ka hoʻokumu mua ʻana o kahi microbiome ʻokoʻa kūpono.
ʻO ka loiloi microbiome e kālele wale ana ma ke kaiāulu microbial cecal ʻaʻole paha e hōʻike i kahi o ka ʻōpū gastrointestinal ka hapa nui o nā hopena o nā waikawa organik dietary. ʻO ka microbiome o ka ʻōpū gastrointestinal o luna o nā moa broiler e ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi i nā hopena o nā waikawa organik dietary, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana o nā hopena o Hume et al. (128). Ua hōʻike ʻo Hume et al. (128) ua komo ka hapa nui o ka propionate i hoʻohui ʻia ma waho i loko o ka ʻōpū gastrointestinal o luna o nā manu. Kākoʻo pū nā haʻawina hou e pili ana i ke ʻano o nā microorganism gastrointestinal i kēia manaʻo. Ua hōʻike ʻo Nava et al. (150) ua hoʻopilikia ka hui pū ʻana o ka hui ʻana o nā waikawa organik [DL-2-hydroxy-4(methylthio)butyric acid], formic acid, a me ka propionic acid (HFP) i ka microbiota gut a hoʻonui i ka colonization Lactobacillus ma ka ileum o nā moa. I kēia manawa, ʻo Goodarzi Borojeni et al. (150) ua hōʻike ʻia ka hui pū ʻana o ka hui ʻana o ka waikawa organik [DL-2-hydroxy-4(methylthio)butyric acid], ka waikawa formic, a me ka waikawa propionic (HFP) i hoʻopilikia i ka microbiota ʻōpū a hoʻonui i ka noho ʻana o Lactobacillus ma ka ileum o nā moa. (151) ua aʻo ʻia ka hānai ʻana i nā moa broiler i ka hui ʻana o ka waikawa formic a me ka waikawa propionic ma ʻelua mau ʻano (0.75% a me 1.50%) no 35 mau lā. I ka hopena o ka hoʻokolohua, ua wehe ʻia ka mea kanu, ka ʻōpū, ʻelua hapakolu distal o ka ileum, a me ka cecum a ua lawe ʻia nā laʻana no ka nānā ʻana i ka nui o nā flora gastrointestinal kikoʻī a me nā metabolites me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka RT-PCR. I ka moʻomeheu, ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia ka nui o nā waikawa organik i ka nui o Lactobacillus a i ʻole Bifidobacterium, akā ua hoʻonui i ka heluna o Clostridium. I loko o ka ileum, ʻo nā loli wale nō ka emi ʻana o Lactobacillus a me Enterobacter, ʻoiai i loko o ka cecum ua noho mau kēia mau flora (151). Ma ke kiʻekiʻe loa o ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka waikawa organik, ua hoʻemi ʻia ka nui o ka waikawa lactic (D a me L) i loko o ka mea kanu, ua hoʻemi ʻia ka nui o nā waikawa organik ʻelua i loko o ka puʻu, a ua emi iho ka nui o nā waikawa organik i loko o ka cecum. ʻAʻohe loli i ka ileum. E pili ana i nā waikawa momona kaulahao pōkole (SCFAs), ʻo ka loli wale nō i ka mea kanu a me ka puʻu o nā manu i hānai ʻia i nā waikawa organik ma ka pae propionate. ʻO nā manu i hānai ʻia me ka haʻahaʻa o ka waikawa organik i hōʻike i kahi piʻi ʻana o ka propionate i ka mea kanu, ʻoiai nā manu i hānai i nā ʻelua mau nui o ka waikawa organik i hōʻike i ka piʻi ʻana o ʻewalu a me ʻumikūmālima manawa o ka propionate i loko o ka puʻu. ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o ka acetate i loko o ka ileum he emi ma mua o ʻelua manawa. Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, kākoʻo kēia mau ʻikepili i ka manaʻo ua ʻike ʻia ka hapa nui o nā hopena o ka noi ʻana o ka waikawa organik waho i ka hua, ʻoiai he hopena liʻiliʻi nā waikawa organik ma ke kaiāulu microbial gastrointestinal haʻahaʻa, e hōʻike ana ua loli paha nā ʻano fermentation o ka flora noho gastrointestinal kiʻekiʻe.
ʻIke loa, pono ka wehewehe hohonu ʻana o ka microbiome e wehewehe pono i nā pane microbial e hoʻokumu ma loko o ke ala gastrointestinal. ʻO kahi loiloi hohonu hou aʻe o ka taxonomy microbial o nā keʻena gastrointestinal kikoʻī, ʻoiai nā keʻena kiʻekiʻe e like me ka mea kanu, hiki ke hāʻawi i ka ʻike hou aku i ke koho ʻana o kekahi mau hui o nā microorganism. Hiki i kā lākou hana metabolic a me ka enzymatic ke hoʻoholo inā he pilina antagonistic ko lākou me nā pathogens e komo ana i ke ala gastrointestinal. He mea hoihoi nō hoʻi ke hana i nā loiloi metagenomic e hoʻoholo ai inā ʻo ka hōʻike ʻana i nā mea hoʻohui kemika acidic i ka wā o ke ola o nā manu e koho ai no nā bacteria noho "ʻae ʻia i ka acid", a inā paha e hōʻike ana ke alo a me/a i ʻole ka hana metabolic o kēia mau bacteria i kahi pale hou aʻe i ka colonization pathogen.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka waikawa formic no nā makahiki he nui ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui kemika i ka hānai holoholona a ma ke ʻano he acidifier silage. ʻO kekahi o kāna mau hoʻohana nui ʻana, ʻo ia kāna hana antimicrobial e kaupalena i ka helu o nā pathogens i ka hānai a me ko lākou koloni ʻana ma hope i loko o ka ʻōpū gastrointestinal o nā manu. Ua hōʻike nā haʻawina in vitro he mea antimicrobial maikaʻi ka waikawa formic e kūʻē iā Salmonella a me nā pathogens ʻē aʻe. Eia nō naʻe, hiki ke kaupalena ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka waikawa formic i nā matrices hānai e ka nui o nā mea olaola i loko o nā mea hānai a me ko lākou hiki ke hoʻopaʻa. Me he mea lā he hopena antagonistic ka waikawa formic iā Salmonella a me nā pathogens ʻē aʻe i ka wā e ʻai ʻia ai ma o ka hānai a i ʻole ka wai inu. Eia nō naʻe, hana nui kēia antagonism ma ka ʻōpū gastrointestinal kiʻekiʻe, no ka mea, hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia ka nui o ka waikawa formic ma ka ʻōpū gastrointestinal haʻahaʻa, e like me ke ʻano me ka waikawa propionic. ʻO ke kumumanaʻo o ka pale ʻana i ka waikawa formic ma o ka encapsulation e hāʻawi i kahi ala kūpono e hāʻawi i ka waikawa hou aku i ka ʻōpū gastrointestinal haʻahaʻa. Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike nā haʻawina he ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hui ʻana o nā waikawa organik i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana moa ma mua o ka hoʻokele ʻana i hoʻokahi waikawa (152). Hiki i ka Campylobacter i loko o ke ala gastrointestinal ke pane ʻokoʻa i ka formate, no ka mea hiki iā ia ke hoʻohana i ka formate ma ke ʻano he mea hāʻawi electron, a ʻo ka formate kona kumu ikehu nui. ʻAʻole maopopo inā he mea maikaʻi ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o ka formate i loko o ke ala gastrointestinal iā Campylobacter, a ʻaʻole paha e hana kēia ma muli o nā flora gastrointestinal ʻē aʻe e hiki ke hoʻohana i ka formate ma ke ʻano he substrate.
Pono nā haʻawina hou aʻe e noiʻi i nā hopena o ka waikawa formic gastrointestinal i nā microbes gastrointestinal noho ʻole pathogenic. Makemake mākou e koho i nā pathogens me ka ʻole o ka hoʻopilikia ʻana i nā lālā o ka microbiome gastrointestinal e pono ai ka mea hoʻokipa. Eia nō naʻe, pono kēia i kahi loiloi hohonu o ka moʻo microbiome o kēia mau kaiāulu microbial gastrointestinal noho. ʻOiai ua paʻi ʻia kekahi mau haʻawina ma ka cecal microbiome o nā manu i mālama ʻia me ka waikawa formic, pono ka nānā hou aku i ke kaiāulu microbial gastrointestinal kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i nā microorganisms a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā ʻano like ma waena o nā kaiāulu microbial gastrointestinal i ke alo a i ʻole ka ʻole o ka waikawa formic he wehewehe piha ʻole paha. Pono nā loiloi hou aʻe, me ka metabolomics a me metagenomics, e wehewehe i nā ʻokoʻa hana ma waena o nā hui like. He mea koʻikoʻi kēlā ʻano e hoʻokumu i ka pilina ma waena o ke kaiāulu microbial gastrointestinal a me nā pane hana manu i nā mea hoʻomaikaʻi e pili ana i ka waikawa formic. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā ʻano he nui e wehewehe pono i ka hana gastrointestinal e hiki ai ke hoʻomohala i nā hoʻolālā hoʻopihapiha waikawa organik ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a hoʻomaikaʻi i nā wānana o ke olakino manu maikaʻi loa a me ka hana ʻoiai e kaupalena ana i nā pilikia palekana meaʻai.
Ua kākau ʻo SR i kēia loiloi me ke kōkua mai DD lāua ʻo KR. Ua hāʻawi nui nā mea kākau a pau i nā haʻawina i ka hana i hōʻike ʻia ma kēia loiloi.
Ke hōʻike nei nā mea kākau ua loaʻa i kēia loiloi ke kālā mai Anitox Corporation e hoʻomaka i ke kākau ʻana a me ka paʻi ʻana o kēia loiloi. ʻAʻohe mana o nā mea kākoʻo kālā i nā manaʻo a me nā hopena i hōʻike ʻia ma kēia ʻatikala loiloi a i ʻole ma ka hoʻoholo e paʻi iā ia.
Ke hōʻike nei nā mea kākau i koe ua hana ʻia ka noiʻi me ka loaʻa ʻole o kekahi pilina kālepa a kālā paha i hiki ke wehewehe ʻia he hakakā hoihoi.
Makemake ʻo Kauka DD e mahalo i ke kākoʻo mai ke Kula Puka o ke Kulanui o Arkansas ma o kahi Distinguished Teaching Fellowship, a me ke kākoʻo mau mai ka Polokalamu Cell and Molecular Biology o ke Kulanui o Arkansas a me ke Keʻena ʻEpekema Meaʻai. Eia kekahi, makemake nā mea kākau e mahalo iā Anitox no ke kākoʻo mua ʻana i ke kākau ʻana i kēia loiloi.
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