ʻO nā ipu ʻaina Melamine e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke noho ma kou papahele me ka hopohopo ʻole e pili ana i ka hōʻino ʻana i kāu mau kīʻaha maikaʻi. E ʻike pehea i lilo ai kēia mau mea hana pono i mea nui no ka ʻaina o kēlā me kēia lā i nā makahiki 1950 a ma hope aku.
He mea kākau moʻolelo lanakila ʻo Leanne Potts nāna i uhi i ka hoʻolālā a me ka hale no kanakolu mau makahiki. He loea ʻo ia i nā mea āpau mai ke koho ʻana i ka palette kala o kahi lumi a hiki i ka ulu ʻana i nā tōmato heirloom a hiki i ke kumu o ka modernism i ka hoʻolālā kūloko. Ua ʻike ʻia kāna hana ma HGTV, Parade, BHG, Travel Channel a me Bob Vila.
He mea kākau akamai ʻo Marcus Reeves, he mea hoʻopuka, a he mea nānā ʻoiaʻiʻo. Ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e kākau i nā hōʻike no ka makasina The Source. Ua puka mai kāna hana ma The New York Times, Playboy, The Washington Post a me Rolling Stone, a me nā puke paʻi ʻē aʻe. Ua koho ʻia kāna puke, ʻo Someone Screamed: The Rise of Rap in the Black Power Aftershock, no ka makana Zora Neale Hurston. He kumu kōkua ʻo ia ma ke Kulanui o New York, kahi āna e aʻo ai i ke kākau ʻana a me ke kamaʻilio ʻana. Ua loaʻa iā Marcus kona kekelē laepua mai ke Kulanui ʻo Rutgers ma New Brunswick, New Jersey.
Ma ʻAmelika ma hope o ke kaua, ua ʻike ʻia ke ʻano maʻamau o ka ʻāpana papa waena e nā pāʻina patio, ka nui o nā keiki, a me nā ʻahaʻaina hoʻomaha kahi āu e moeʻuhane ʻole ai e hele i ka ʻaina ahiahi me nā china maikaʻi a me nā uhi papa damask kaumaha. Akā, ʻo nā mea ʻoki i makemake nui ʻia o ia au, ʻo ia nā mea ʻoki plastik, ʻoiai nā mea i hana ʻia mai ka melamine.
"He kūpono maoli ka Melamine i kēia nohona o kēlā me kēia lā," wahi a Kauka Anna Ruth Gatling, he polopeka kōkua o ka hoʻolālā kūloko ma ke Kulanui ʻo Auburn nāna e aʻo i kahi papa e pili ana i ka mōʻaukala o ka hoʻolālā kūloko.
He resin palakiko ka Melamine i hana ʻia e ka mea kemika Kelemania ʻo Justus von Liebig i nā makahiki 1830. Eia naʻe, no ka mea he pipiʻi ke hana ʻana i ka mea a ʻaʻole i hoʻoholo ʻo von Liebig i ka mea e hana ai me kāna mea i hana ai, ua moe ia no hoʻokahi kenekulia. I nā makahiki 1930, ua hoʻolilo ka holomua ʻenehana i ka melamine i mea kūʻai ʻole e hana, no laila ua hoʻomaka nā mea hoʻolālā e noʻonoʻo i ka mea e hana ai mai ia mea, a ʻike hope loa e hiki ke hoʻomehana ʻia kēia ʻano palakiko thermoset a hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o nā kīʻaha ʻaina kūpono a hana nui ʻia.
I kona wā mua, ʻo American Cyanamid ma New Jersey kekahi o nā mea hana a me nā mea hoʻolaha nui o ka pauka melamine i ka ʻoihana plastics. Ua hoʻopaʻa inoa lākou i kā lākou melamine plastic ma lalo o ka hōʻailona kālepa "Melmac". ʻOiai ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia mea no ka hana ʻana i nā hihia uaki, nā lima kapuahi a me nā lima lako, hoʻohana nui ʻia ia no ka hana ʻana i nā mea ʻaina.
Ua hoʻohana nui ʻia nā ipu ʻaina Melamine i ke Kaua Honua II a ua hana nui ʻia no nā pūʻali koa, nā kula, a me nā haukapila. Me ka nele o nā metala a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ua manaʻo ʻia nā plastics hou nā mea o ka wā e hiki mai ana. ʻAʻole e like me nā plastics mua ʻē aʻe e like me Bakelite, ua paʻa ka melamine i nā kemika a ua lawa ka paʻa e kū i ka holoi mau ʻana a me ka wela.
Ma hope o ke kaua, ua komo nā ipu melamine i nā tausani o nā hale i ka nui. "I nā makahiki 1940, aia ʻekolu mau hale hana melamine nui, akā i nā makahiki 1950, he mau haneli," wahi a Gatlin. ʻO kekahi o nā lama kaulana loa o nā ipu kuke melamine ʻo Branchell, Texas Ware, Lenox Ware, Prolon, Mar-crest, Boontonware, a me Raffia Ware.
I ka neʻe ʻana o nā miliona o ʻAmelika i nā wahi kokoke ma hope o ka ulu ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai ma hope o ke kaua, ua kūʻai lākou i nā set ipu ʻaina melamine e kūpono i ko lākou mau home hou a me ko lākou nohona. Ua lilo ka noho ʻana ma ka patio i manaʻo hou kaulana, a pono nā ʻohana i nā ipu plastik haʻahaʻa ke kumu kūʻai e hiki ke lawe ʻia i waho. I ka wā o ka ulu ʻana o ka pēpē, ʻo ka melamine ka mea kūpono no ia au. "He mea ʻokoʻa loa nā kīʻaha a ʻaʻole pono ʻoe e makaʻala," wahi a Gatlin. "Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻolei aku!"
Ua hoʻolaha ʻia nā ipu kuke Melmac mai ka wā kahiko he palakiko kilokilo no ka "noho mālie ʻana i ke kuʻuna maʻamau." ʻO kekahi hoʻolaha no ka laina Color-Flyte a Branchell mai ka makahiki 1950 ua ʻōlelo ʻia ua "hōʻoia ʻia ʻaʻole e nahā, haki a haki paha nā ipu kuke." ʻO nā kala kaulana e komo pū ana me ka poni, ka uliuli, ka turquoise, ka mint, ka melemele a me ke keʻokeʻo, me nā ʻano geometric ʻōlinolino i ke ʻano pua a atomika paha.
"ʻAʻole like ka pōmaikaʻi o nā makahiki 1950 me nā makahiki ʻē aʻe," wahi a Gatlin. Hōʻike ʻia ka manaʻolana o ia au i nā waihoʻoluʻu ʻōlinolino a me nā ʻano o kēia mau kīʻaha, wahi āna. "Loaʻa i nā kīʻaha melamine kēlā mau ʻano geometric waena o ke kenekulia, e like me nā kīʻaha lahilahi a me nā lima kīʻaha liʻiliʻi maʻemaʻe, e hoʻolilo iā ia i mea kū hoʻokahi," wahi a Gatlin. Paipai ʻia nā mea kūʻai aku e hoʻohui a hoʻohālikelike i nā kala e hoʻohui i ka noʻeau a me ke ʻano i ka leʻaleʻa.
ʻO ka mea maikaʻi loa, ʻo ke kumukūʻai kūpono o ka Melmac: ʻo ke kumukūʻai o kahi set no ʻehā kanaka ma kahi o $15 i nā makahiki 1950 a ma kahi o $175 i kēia manawa. "ʻAʻole lākou he mea makamae," wahi a Gatlin. "Hiki iā ʻoe ke apo i nā ʻano hou a hōʻike maoli i kou ʻano no ka mea he koho kāu e hoʻololi iā lākou ma hope o kekahi mau makahiki a loaʻa nā kala hou."
He mea kupaianaha nō hoʻi ke ʻano o nā ipu ʻaina melamine. Ua hoʻolimalima ʻo American Cyanamid i ka mea hoʻolālā ʻoihana ʻo Russell Wright, nāna i lawe mai i ka modernism i ka papa ʻaina ʻAmelika me kāna laina ʻaina American Modern mai Steubenville Pottery Company, e hana i kāna hana kilokilo me nā ipu ʻaina plastik. Ua hoʻolālā ʻo Wright i ka laina ʻaina Melmac no ka Northern Plastics Company, nāna i lanakila i ka makana Museum of Modern Art no ka hoʻolālā maikaʻi i ka makahiki 1953. ʻO ka hōʻiliʻili i kapa ʻia ʻo "Home" kekahi o nā hōʻiliʻili kaulana loa a Melmac i nā makahiki 1950.
I nā makahiki 1970, ua lilo nā mīkini holoi kīʻaha a me nā microwave i mea nui i nā lumi kuke ʻAmelika, a ua lilo nā ipu kuke melamine i mea makemake ʻole ʻia. ʻAʻole palekana ka palakika kupanaha o nā makahiki 1950 no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ipu kuke ʻelua a ua pani ʻia e Corelle ma ke ʻano he koho maikaʻi no nā ipu kuke o kēlā me kēia lā.
Eia nō naʻe, i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki 2000, ua loaʻa i ka melamine kahi renaissance me nā lako hale hou o ke kenekulia waena. Ua lilo ka moʻo mua o nā makahiki 1950 i mau mea hōʻiliʻili a ua hana ʻia kahi laina hou o nā ipu ʻaina melamine.
ʻO nā loli loea i ke ʻano hana a me ke kaʻina hana o ka melamine e palekana ai no ka holoi ʻana i ka mea holoi kīʻaha a hāʻawi iā ia i ke ola hou. I ka manawa like, ʻo ka ulu ʻana o ka hoihoi i ka hoʻomau ʻana ua hoʻolilo i ka melamine i mea koho kaulana i nā pā hoʻolei e pau i ka landfill ma hope o hoʻokahi hoʻohana.
Eia nō naʻe, e like me ka US Food and Drug Administration, ʻaʻole kūpono ka melamine no ka hoʻomehana ʻana i ka microwave, e kaupalena ana i kona hoʻi hou ʻana, nā mea kahiko a me nā mea hou.
"I kēia au o ka maʻalahi, i kū'ē i ka wehewehe ʻana o nā makahiki 1950 no ka maʻalahi, ʻaʻole paha e hoʻohana ʻia kēlā mau kīʻaha melamine kahiko i kēlā me kēia lā," wahi a Gatlin. E mālama i nā kīʻaha pāʻina paʻa o nā makahiki 1950 me ka mālama like me kāu e mālama ai i kahi mea kahiko. I ke kenekulia 21, hiki i nā pā palaki ke lilo i mau mea hōʻiliʻili waiwai nui, a hiki i ka melamine kahiko ke lilo i mau kīʻaha maikaʻi.