ʻO nā hale hana sima e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ʻaneʻi he kumu nui ia o ke kalapona ʻokikene e hoʻomehana ai i ke aniau. Akā hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia kekahi o kēia mau mea haumia i ʻano wahie hou. Hiki ke mālama palekana ʻia kēia paʻakai no nā makahiki he ʻumi a ʻoi aku paha.
He moʻolelo ʻē aʻe kēia ma kahi moʻo e nānā ana i nā ʻenehana hou a me nā hana e hiki ke hoʻolohi i ka loli o ke aniau, hoʻēmi i kona hopena, a kōkua paha i nā kaiāulu e kū i kahi honua e loli wikiwiki nei.
ʻO nā hana e hoʻokuʻu ana i ke kalapona ʻokikene (CO2), kahi kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo maʻamau, e kōkua i ka hoʻomehana ʻana i ka lewa o ka Honua. ʻO ka manaʻo o ka unuhi ʻana i ka CO2 mai ka lewa a me ka mālama ʻana iā ia ʻaʻole ia he mea hou. Akā he paʻakikī ke hana, ʻoiai ke hiki i nā kānaka ke kūʻai. Hoʻoponopono kahi ʻōnaehana hou i ka pilikia o ka haumia CO2 ma ke ʻano ʻokoʻa iki. Hoʻololi ia i ke kinoea hoʻomehana aniau i wahie ma ke ʻano kemika.
Ma Nowemapa 15, ua paʻi nā kānaka noiʻi mai ka Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) ma Cambridge i kā lākou mau hopena kupaianaha ma ka puke pai ʻo Cell Reports Physical Science.
Ua māhele ʻia kā lākou ʻōnaehana hou i ʻelua ʻāpana. ʻO ka ʻāpana mua e pili ana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kalapona ʻokikene mai ka lewa i loko o kahi molekala i kapa ʻia ʻo formate e hana i ka wahie. E like me ke kalapona ʻokikene, aia i loko o ka formate hoʻokahi ʻātoma kalapona a me ʻelua mau ʻātoma oxygen, a me hoʻokahi ʻātoma hydrogen. Loaʻa pū kekahi mau mea ʻē aʻe i ka formate. Ua hoʻohana ka haʻawina hou i ka paʻakai formate, i loaʻa mai ka sodium a i ʻole ka potassium.
Holo ka hapa nui o nā cell wahie ma ka hydrogen, kahi kinoea lapalapa e pono ai nā pipeline a me nā pahu paʻi e lawe. Eia nō naʻe, hiki i nā cell wahie ke holo ma ka formate. Loaʻa i ka formate kahi ikehu e like me ka hydrogen, e like me ka ʻōlelo a Li Ju, he ʻepekema mea i alakaʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana hou. Loaʻa i ka Formate kekahi mau pono ma mua o ka hydrogen, wahi a Li Ju. ʻOi aku ka palekana a ʻaʻole pono ka mālama ʻana i ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe.
Ua hana nā kānaka noiʻi ma MIT i kahi cell wahie e hoʻāʻo i ka formate, kahi a lākou e hana ai mai ke kalapona ʻokikene. ʻO ka mea mua, ua kāwili lākou i ka paʻakai me ka wai. A laila ua hānai ʻia ka hui ʻana i loko o kahi cell wahie. I loko o ke cell wahie, ua hoʻokuʻu ka formate i nā electrons i kahi hopena kemika. Ua kahe kēia mau electrons mai ka electrode maikaʻi ʻole o ke cell wahie i ka electrode maikaʻi, e hoʻopau ana i kahi kaapuni uila. Aia kēia mau electrons e kahe ana—he au uila—no 200 mau hola i ka wā o ka hoʻokolohua.
Ua manaʻolana ʻo Zhen Zhang, he ʻepekema mea hana e hana pū ana me Li ma MIT, e hiki i kāna hui ke hoʻonui i ka ʻenehana hou i loko o hoʻokahi ʻumi makahiki.
Ua hoʻohana ka hui noiʻi MIT i kahi ʻano kemika e hoʻololi i ke kalapona ʻokikene i mea nui no ka hana ʻana i ka wahie. ʻO ka mea mua, ua hoʻokomo lākou iā ia i kahi hopena alkaline kiʻekiʻe. Ua koho lākou i ka sodium hydroxide (NaOH), i ʻike nui ʻia ʻo lye. Hoʻoulu kēia i kahi hopena kemika e hana ai i ka sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), i ʻike nui ʻia ʻo baking soda.
A laila ua hoʻā lākou i ka mana. Ua hoʻāla ke au uila i kahi hopena kemika hou i hoʻokaʻawale i kēlā me kēia ʻātoma oxygen i loko o ka molekole soda baking, e waiho ana i ka sodium formate (NaCHO2). Ua hoʻololi kā lākou ʻōnaehana i aneane nā kalapona āpau i loko o CO2 - ʻoi aku ma mua o 96 pakeneka - i loko o kēia paʻakai.
Ua mālama ʻia ka ikehu e pono ai e wehe i ka oxygen i loko o nā pilina kemika o formate. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Polofesa Li hiki i ka formate ke mālama i kēia ikehu no nā makahiki he ʻumi me ka ʻole o ka nalowale ʻana o ka ikehu hiki. A laila hoʻopuka ia i ka uila ke hele ia ma o kahi cell wahie. Inā hele mai ka uila i hoʻohana ʻia e hana i ka formate mai ka mana o ka lā, ka makani a i ʻole ka hydroelectric, ʻo ka uila i hana ʻia e ka cell wahie e lilo i kumu ikehu maʻemaʻe.
No ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻenehana hou, wahi a Lee, "pono ​​mākou e ʻimi i nā kumuwaiwai geological waiwai o ka lye." Ua aʻo ʻo ia i kahi ʻano pōhaku i kapa ʻia ʻo alkali basalt (AL-kuh-lye buh-SALT). Ke hui pū ʻia me ka wai, lilo kēia mau pōhaku i lye.
He ʻenekinia ʻo Farzan Kazemifar ma ke Kulanui ʻo San Jose State ma Kaleponi. Ke kālele nei kāna noiʻi i ka mālama ʻana i ke kalapona ʻokikene i loko o nā ʻano paʻakai ma lalo o ka honua. ʻO ka wehe ʻana i ke kalapona ʻokikene mai ka lewa he mea paʻakikī mau a no laila he pipiʻi, wahi āna. No laila he waiwai ke hoʻololi i ka CO2 i nā huahana hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me ka formate. Hiki i ke kumukūʻai o ka huahana ke hoʻopau i ke kumukūʻai o ka hana ʻana.
Ua nui ka noiʻi ʻana i ka hopu ʻana i ke kalapona ʻokikene mai ka lewa. No ka laʻana, ua wehewehe koke aku nei kahi hui o nā kānaka ʻepekema ma ke Kulanui ʻo Lehigh i kekahi ʻano hana ʻē aʻe no ka kānana ʻana i ke kalapona ʻokikene mai ka lewa a hoʻololi iā ia i soda bakena. Ke mālama nei nā hui noiʻi ʻē aʻe i ka CO2 i loko o nā pōhaku kūikawā, e hoʻololi ana iā ia i kalapona paʻa e hiki ke hana ʻia i loko o ka ethanol, kahi wahie waiʻona. ʻO ka hapa nui o kēia mau papahana he liʻiliʻi a ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka hopena koʻikoʻi i ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā pae kiʻekiʻe o ke kalapona ʻokikene i ka lewa.
Hōʻike kēia kiʻi i kahi hale e holo ana ma ke kalapona ʻokikene. Hoʻololi ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ʻaneʻi i ke kalapona ʻokikene (nā molekole i loko o nā pehu ʻulaʻula a me keʻokeʻo) i paʻakai i kapa ʻia ʻo formate (nā pehu polū, ʻulaʻula, keʻokeʻo, a me ka ʻeleʻele). A laila hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia paʻakai i loko o kahi cell wahie e hana i ka uila.
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Kazemifar ʻo kā mākou koho maikaʻi loa, ʻo ia ka "hōʻemi mua i nā hoʻokuʻu kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo." ʻO kahi ala e hana ai i kēlā, ʻo ia ke pani i nā wahie fossil me nā kumu ikehu hou e like me ka makani a i ʻole ka lā. ʻO kēia kekahi hapa o kahi hoʻololi i kapa ʻia e nā kānaka ʻepekema ʻo "decarbonization." Akā ua hoʻohui ʻo ia e pono ai kahi ala multifaceted no ka hoʻōki ʻana i ka loli o ke aniau. Pono kēia ʻenehana hou e hopu i ke kalapona ma nā wahi paʻakikī e decarbonize, wahi āna. E lawe i nā wili kila a me nā hale hana sima, e inoa i ʻelua mau laʻana.
ʻIke pū ka hui MIT i nā pono i ka hoʻohui ʻana i kā lākou ʻenehana hou me ka mana o ka lā a me ka makani. Hoʻolālā ʻia nā pila kuʻuna e mālama i ka ikehu no nā pule i ka manawa. ʻO ka mālama ʻana i ka lā o ke kauwela i ka hoʻoilo a ʻoi aku paha ka lōʻihi e pono ai kahi ʻano ʻokoʻa. "Me ka wahie formate," wahi a Lee, ʻaʻole ʻoe i kaupalena ʻia i ka mālama ʻana i ke kau. "Hiki ke hanauna."
ʻAʻole paha e ʻālohilohi e like me ke gula, akā "hiki iaʻu ke waiho i 200 tone ... o ka formate i kaʻu mau keikikāne a me kaʻu mau kaikamahine," wahi a Lee, "ma ke ʻano he hoʻoilina."
ʻAlakaline: He huaʻōlelo e wehewehe ana i kahi mea kemika e hana ana i nā iona hydroxide (OH-) i loko o ka hopena. Ua kapa ʻia kēia mau hopena he alkaline (e kūʻē i ka acidic) a he pH ʻoi aku ma mua o 7.
Aquifer: He ʻano pōhaku i hiki ke hoʻopaʻa i nā waihona wai ma lalo o ka honua. Pili pū ka huaʻōlelo i nā kīʻaha ma lalo o ka ʻilikai.
ʻO Basalt: He pōhaku pele ʻeleʻele i mānoanoa loa (ke ʻole ka pele i waiho i nā ʻeke kinoea nui i loko).
pilina: (i loko o ke kemika) kahi pilina hapa-mau ma waena o nā ʻātoma (a i ʻole nā ​​hui o nā ʻātoma) i loko o kahi mole. Hoʻokumu ʻia ia e nā mana hoʻowalewale ma waena o nā ʻātoma e komo ana. Ke hoʻokumu ʻia nā pilina, hana nā ʻātoma ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana. No ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā ʻātoma hoʻohui, pono e hoʻolako ʻia ka ikehu ma ke ʻano o ka wela a i ʻole ka radiation ʻē aʻe i nā mole.
Kalapona: He mea kemika ke kumu kino o nā mea ola a pau ma ka Honua. Loaʻa ke kalapona ma ke ʻano o ka graphite a me ka daimana. He mea nui ia o ka lanahu, ka pōhaku lepo, a me ka ʻaila, a hiki ke hoʻohui pū i nā kemika e hana i nā ʻano molekala like ʻole o ka waiwai kemika, olaola, a me ke kālepa. (I ka noiʻi ʻana i ke aniau) Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka huaʻōlelo kalapona me ke kalapona ʻokikene e pili ana i ka hopena o kahi hana, huahana, kulekele, a i ʻole ke kaʻina hana i ka hoʻomehana lōʻihi o ka lewa.
ʻO ke kalapona ʻokikene: (a i ʻole CO2) he kinoea kala ʻole, ʻala ʻole i hana ʻia e nā holoholona āpau ke hui pū ka oxygen a lākou e hanu ai me ka meaʻai waiwai i ke kalapona a lākou e ʻai ai. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia ke kalapona ʻokikene ke puhi ʻia nā mea olaola, me nā wahie fossil e like me ka ʻaila a i ʻole ke kinoea kūlohelohe. ʻO ke kalapona ʻokikene kahi kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo e hoʻopaʻa ana i ka wela i ka lewa o ka Honua. Hoʻololi nā mea kanu i ke kalapona ʻokikene i oxygen ma o ka photosynthesis a hoʻohana i kēia kaʻina hana e hana i kā lākou meaʻai ponoʻī.
Sima: He mea hoʻopaʻa i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻopaʻa i ʻelua mau mea, e hoʻopaʻakikī ai i mea paʻa, a i ʻole he kāpili mānoanoa i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻopaʻa i ʻelua mau mea. (Kūkulu ʻana) He mea i wili maikaʻi ʻia e hoʻopaʻa i ke one a i ʻole ka pōhaku i kuʻi ʻia e hana i ka sima. Hana pinepine ʻia ka sima ma ke ʻano he pauka. Akā i ka wā e pulu ai, lilo ia i lepo lepo e paʻakikī ai ke maloʻo.
Kemika: He mea i hana ʻia me ʻelua a ʻoi aku paha mau ʻātoma i hui pū ʻia (hoʻopaʻa ʻia) ma kahi ʻāpana a me ke ʻano paʻa. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka wai kahi mea kemika i hana ʻia me ʻelua mau ʻātoma hydrogen i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i hoʻokahi ʻātoma oxygen. ʻO kona ʻano kemika ʻo H2O. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka "Kemika" ma ke ʻano he huaʻōlelo e wehewehe i nā ʻano o kahi mea i loaʻa mai nā hopena like ʻole ma waena o nā hui like ʻole.
Hoʻopaʻa kemika: He mana huki ma waena o nā ʻātoma i lawa ka ikaika e hana ai i nā mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana. He nāwaliwali kekahi mau huki, he ikaika kekahi. Me he mea lā e hoʻopili nā pilina āpau i nā ʻātoma ma ka kaʻana like ʻana (a i ʻole ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e kaʻana like) i nā electrons.
Ka hopena kemika: He kaʻina hana e pili ana i ka hoʻonohonoho hou ʻana o nā molekala a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​ʻano o kahi mea ma mua o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke ʻano kino (e laʻa, mai ka paʻa a i ke kinoea).
Kemika: ka lālā o ka ʻepekema e aʻo ana i ka haku mele ʻana, ke ʻano, nā waiwai, a me nā pilina o nā mea. Hoʻohana nā kānaka ʻepekema i kēia ʻike e aʻo i nā mea i kamaʻāina ʻole ʻia, e hana hou i nā mea pono i nā nui he nui, a i ʻole e hoʻolālā a hana i nā mea pono hou. (o nā hui kemika) Pili pū ka kemika i ke ʻano o kahi hui, ke ʻano o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana, a i ʻole kekahi o kona mau waiwai. ʻO ka poʻe e hana ana ma kēia kahua ua kapa ʻia he mau kemika. (i loko o nā ʻepekema pili kanaka) ka hiki o ka poʻe ke hana pū, e launa pū, a hauʻoli i ka hui pū ʻana o kekahi.
Ka Hoʻololi ʻana o ke Aniau: He loli koʻikoʻi a lōʻihi hoʻi i ke aniau o ka Honua. Hiki ke hana maoli kēia a i ʻole ma muli o nā hana a kānaka, me ke puhi ʻana i nā wahie mōʻalihaku a me ka wehe ʻana i nā ululāʻau.
ʻO ka Decarbonization: pili i ka hoʻololi ʻana i manaʻo ʻia mai nā ʻenehana haumia, nā hana, a me nā kumu ikehu e hoʻopuka ana i nā kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo e pili ana i ke kalapona, e like me ke kalapona dioxide a me ka methane, i ka lewa. ʻO ka pahuhopu ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka nui o nā kinoea kalapona e kōkua ana i ka loli o ke aniau.
Uila: Ke kahe ʻana o ka uku uila, ma muli o ka neʻe ʻana o nā ʻāpana i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole ʻia i kapa ʻia he mau electrons.
ʻElektrone: he ʻāpana i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole ʻia e hoʻopuni mau ana i ka ʻaoʻao waho o kahi ʻātoma; ʻo ia hoʻi ka mea lawe uila i loko o nā mea paʻa.
ʻEnekinia: Kekahi mea e hoʻohana ana i ka ʻepekema a me ka makemakika e hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia. Ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he hana, ʻo ka huaʻōlelo ʻenekinia e pili ana i ka hoʻolālā ʻana i kahi mea hana, mea, a i ʻole ke kaʻina hana e hoʻoponopono i kahi pilikia a i ʻole kahi pono i hoʻokō ʻole ʻia.
ʻEthanol: He waiʻona, i kapa ʻia hoʻi he waiʻona ethyl, ʻo ia ke kumu no nā mea inu ʻona e like me ka pia, ka waina, a me nā ʻuhane. Hoʻohana ʻia hoʻi ia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoheheʻe a me ka wahie (no ka laʻana, pinepine ʻia me ka gasoline).
Kānana: (n.) Kekahi mea e ʻae ai i kekahi mau mea e hala a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e hala, ma muli o ko lākou nui a i ʻole nā ​​ʻano ʻē aʻe. (v.) Ke kaʻina hana o ke koho ʻana i kekahi mau mea e pili ana i nā waiwai e like me ka nui, ka nui, ka uku, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. (i ka physics) He pale, papa, a i ʻole papa o kahi mea e omo ai i ka mālamalama a i ʻole ka radiation ʻē aʻe a i ʻole e pale koho i kekahi o kāna mau ʻāpana mai ka hala ʻana.
ʻO Formate: He huaʻōlelo laulā no nā paʻakai a i ʻole nā ​​esters o ka waikawa formic, kahi ʻano oxidized o ka waikawa momona. (ʻO ka ester kahi hui kalapona i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ke pani ʻana i nā ʻātoma hydrogen o kekahi mau waikawa me kekahi mau ʻano hui organik. He nui nā momona a me nā aila koʻikoʻi he mau esters kūlohelohe o nā waikawa momona.)
Wahie fossil: ʻO kēlā me kēia wahie, e like me ke lanahu, ka ʻaila (ʻaila maka), a i ʻole ke kinoea kūlohelohe, i hoʻokumu ʻia ma luna o nā miliona o nā makahiki i loko o ka Honua mai nā koena palaho o nā bacteria, nā mea kanu, a i ʻole nā ​​​​holoholona.
Wahie: ʻO kēlā me kēia mea e hoʻokuʻu i ka ikehu ma o kahi hopena kemika a i ʻole ka hopena nukelea i kāohi ʻia. ʻO nā wahie fossil (lanahu, kinoea kūlohelohe, a me ka ʻaila) he mau wahie maʻamau e hoʻokuʻu i ka ikehu ma o nā hopena kemika i ka wā e hoʻomehana ʻia ai (maʻamau a hiki i ke kiko o ke kuni ʻana).
Kelepona wahie: He mea hana e hoʻololi i ka ikehu kemika i ikehu uila. ʻO ka wahie maʻamau ka hydrogen, ʻo ka huahana wale nō o ia mea he mahu wai.
ʻO Geology: He huaʻōlelo e wehewehe ana i nā mea āpau e pili ana i ke ʻano kino o ka Honua, kona mau mea hana, ka mōʻaukala, a me nā kaʻina hana e hana ʻia ana ma luna. ʻO ka poʻe e hana ana ma kēia kahua ua kapa ʻia he geologists.
Hoʻomehana honua: Ka piʻi mālie ʻana o ka mahana holoʻokoʻa o ka lewa o ka Honua ma muli o ka hopena ʻōmaʻomaʻo. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka hopena e ka piʻi ʻana o nā pae o ke kalapona ʻokikene, nā chlorofluorocarbons, a me nā kinoea ʻē aʻe i ka lewa, kahi i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e nā hana a kānaka.
ʻO ka Hydrogen: ʻO ka mea māmā loa o ke ao holoʻokoʻa. Ma ke ʻano he kinoea, ʻaʻohe ona kala, ʻaʻohe ona ʻala, a he mea hiki ke lapalapa. He ʻāpana ia o nā wahie he nui, nā momona, a me nā kemika e hana ana i nā ʻiʻo ola. Aia i loko he proton (ka nucleus) a me kahi electron e hoʻopuni ana iā ia.
Hana Hou: (v. to innovate; adj. to innovate) He hoʻoponopono a hoʻomaikaʻi paha i kahi manaʻo, kaʻina hana, a huahana paha e kū nei e hoʻolilo iā ia i mea hou, akamai, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, a ʻoi aku ka pono.
Lye: ʻO ka inoa maʻamau no ka hopena sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Hoʻohui pinepine ʻia ʻo Lye me nā aila mea kanu a i ʻole nā ​​​​momona holoholona a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e hana i ke kopa pā.
ʻEpekema mea: He mea noiʻi e aʻo ana i ka pilina ma waena o ke ʻano atomika a me ka molekala o kahi mea a me kona mau waiwai holoʻokoʻa. Hiki i nā ʻepekema mea ke hoʻomohala i nā mea hou a kālailai paha i nā mea e kū nei. ʻO ka kālailai ʻana i nā waiwai holoʻokoʻa o kahi mea, e like me ka nui, ka ikaika, a me ke kiko heheʻe, hiki ke kōkua i nā ʻenekinia a me nā mea noiʻi ʻē aʻe e koho i nā mea maikaʻi loa no nā noi hou.
Molekula: He hui o nā ʻātoma kūlike ʻole uila e hōʻike ana i ka liʻiliʻi loa o kahi hui kemika. Hiki ke hana ʻia nā molekula me hoʻokahi ʻano ʻātoma a i ʻole nā ​​ʻano ʻātoma like ʻole. No ka laʻana, ua hana ʻia ka oxygen i ka lewa me ʻelua mau ʻātoma oxygen (O2), a ua hana ʻia ka wai me ʻelua mau ʻātoma hydrogen a me hoʻokahi ʻātoma oxygen (H2O).
Mea haumia: He mea e haumia ai kekahi mea, e like me ka ea, ka wai, nā kānaka, a i ʻole ka meaʻai. ʻO kekahi mau mea haumia he mau kemika, e like me nā pesticides. Hiki i nā mea haumia ʻē aʻe ke lilo i radiation, me ka wela nui a i ʻole ka mālamalama. Hiki ke manaʻo ʻia he ʻano biofouling nā nāhelehele a me nā ʻano mea komo ʻē aʻe.
Ikaika: He ʻano huaʻōlelo e pili ana i kahi mea ikaika loa a mana nui paha (e like me ka germ, mea make, lāʻau lapaʻau, a waikawa paha).
Hoʻohou Hou: He ʻano huaʻōlelo e pili ana i kahi kumuwaiwai hiki ke hoʻololi mau ʻia (e like me ka wai, nā mea kanu ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ka lā, a me ka makani). ʻOkoʻa kēia me nā kumuwaiwai hiki ʻole ke hoʻohou hou ʻia, nona ka lako palena a hiki ke hoʻopau pono ʻia. ʻO nā kumuwaiwai hiki ʻole ke hoʻohou hou ʻia e komo pū me ka ʻaila (a me nā wahie fossil ʻē aʻe) a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea a me nā minelala kakaikahi.