Hoʻohana kēia pūnaewele i nā kuki e hoʻomaikaʻi i kāu ʻike mea hoʻohana. Ma ka hoʻomau ʻana e hoʻohana i kēia pūnaewele, ʻae ʻoe i kā mākou kulekele kuki.
Inā he helu lālā ACS kāu, e ʻoluʻolu e hoʻokomo ma aneʻi i hiki iā mākou ke hoʻopili i kēia moʻokāki i kāu lālā. (Koho)
Mahalo nui ʻo ACS i kou pilikino. Ma ka hoʻouna ʻana i kāu ʻike, hiki iā ʻoe ke kipa iā C&EN a kau inoa i kā mākou nūhou hebedoma. Hoʻohana mākou i ka ʻike āu e hāʻawi ai e hoʻomaikaʻi i kāu ʻike heluhelu, a ʻaʻole loa mākou e kūʻai aku i kāu ʻikepili i nā lālā ʻaoʻao ʻekolu.
I ka makahiki 2005, ua haʻalele ka hui waiwai kūʻai ʻo Colgate-Palmolive i ka ʻoihana holoi lole ʻAmelika ʻĀkau ma ke kūʻai aku ʻana i nā huahana e like me Fab lāua ʻo Dynamo iā Phoenix Brands. ʻEkolu mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua kūʻai aku kekahi hui waiwai kūʻai ʻē aʻe, ʻo Unilever, i kāna laina huahana holoi lole ʻAmelika e pili ana iā All lāua ʻo Wisk iā Sun Products.
ʻO ke kūʻai ʻia ʻana o kāna ʻoihana i ʻelua mau ʻoihana pilikino liʻiliʻi ua hoʻolilo i ka mākeke kiʻekiʻe o P&G ma ka US detergent kokoke ʻole i hoʻokūkū ʻia. ʻO ka mea hoihoi, ʻaʻole i hoʻolaha ʻo Procter & Gamble i ka lanakila.
ʻOiaʻiʻo, i ka makahiki 2014, ua mihi ʻo Alan G. Lafley, ka Luna Nui o Procter & Gamble (P&G) i kēlā manawa, i ka haʻalele ʻana o Unilever. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia ua lanakila ia i ka mākeke waena o ka mākeke detergent, e hoʻolilo ana i nā huahana a P&G i kau nui ʻia ma ka mākeke kiʻekiʻe, ʻoiai e hāʻawi ana i nā huahana haʻahaʻa me ʻekolu mau mea hoʻokūkū. ʻO Procter & Gamble kahi mea kūʻai aku o nā lama kaulana e like me Tide lāua ʻo Gain. Loaʻa iā ia kahi kokoke i 60% o ka ʻoihana detergent holoi lole o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, akā he ʻoihana kūpaʻa kēia, a aia kahi ʻokoʻa nui o ke kumukūʻai ma waena o nā huahana o ka hui a me kāna mau mea hoʻokūkū.
I hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope mai, ua hoʻoluliluli kekahi o kona mau mea hoʻokūkū, ʻo ka hui Kelemania ʻo Henkel, i nā mea. Ua hoʻolauna ka hui i kāna mea holoi ʻEulopa kiʻekiʻe ʻo Persil i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, kūʻai mua ʻia ma o Wal-Mart wale nō, a laila hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma nā mea kūʻai aku e like me Target. I ka makahiki 2016, ua huikau hou ʻo Henkel i nā mea ma ke kūʻai ʻana iā Sun Products.
Ua hoʻoulu hou ka hoʻomaka ʻana o Persil i ka ʻoihana holoi lole, akā ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki ma mua o ka mea i manaʻo ʻia e Lafley. I Mei i hala, i ka wā i kapa ai ka makasina "Consumer Report" i kekahi o nā huahana hou a Henkel, ʻo Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2in1, ka mea holoi ʻAmelika hana maikaʻi loa, pono ʻo ia a me nā luna hoʻomalu P&G ʻē aʻe e haʻalulu. Ua hoʻokuke ka ʻaha hoʻohanohano iā Tide i ka lua o ka wahi no ka manawa mua ma nā makahiki.
Ua hoʻokumu hou ʻo Procter & Gamble (Chastened), Procter & Gamble (P&G) i kāna huahana inoa nui mua ʻo Tide Ultra Stain Release i ka makahiki 2016. Ua ʻōlelo ka ʻoihana ua hoʻohui ʻo ia i nā surfactants a wehe i kekahi wai, e hopena ana i kahi ʻano hana ʻoi aku ka paʻa a me ka ikaika e hiki ai ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka wehe ʻana i nā ʻōpala. Ua ʻōlelo ka makasina ua alakaʻi ka huahana i ka papa inoa ma ka loiloi Consumer Reports ma hope, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia he mea nui i ka helu helu.
Ua helu koke aku nei ʻo Consumer Reports i ka Tide Plus Ultra stain release agent a me Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2-in-1 ʻo ia nā mea holoi lole ʻelua maikaʻi loa ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. E nānā ʻo C&EN i nā mea hoʻohui e hoʻoulu ai i kēia kūlana, a me kā lākou hoʻohana a me nā mea hana.
Ua helu koke aku nei ʻo Consumer Reports i ka Tide Plus Ultra stain release agent a me Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2-in-1 ʻo ia nā mea holoi lole ʻelua maikaʻi loa ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. E nānā ʻo C&EN i nā mea hoʻohui e hoʻoulu ai i kēia kūlana, a me kā lākou hoʻohana a me nā mea hana.
He mea hikiwawe loa ke ʻōlelo inā e hoʻokūkū koʻikoʻi ʻo Henkel iā P&G i nā mea kūʻai aku ʻAmelika e kūʻai ana i ka mea holoi lole kiʻekiʻe. Akā inā manaʻo nā mea kemika hoʻohuihui o P&G ua māʻona lākou ma muli o ka nele o ka hoʻokūkū, e hoʻopau loa ʻia lākou.
Ua wehewehe ʻo Shoaib Arif, ka luna noi a me ka lawelawe loea ma Surfactant Supplier Pilot Chemical, ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻo Tide lāua ʻo Persil nā huahana kiʻekiʻe no ka ʻoihana a hiki ke puʻunaue ʻia i ʻehā mau pae hana. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua kōkua ʻo Arif a me nā ʻepekema Pilot ʻē aʻe i nā ʻoihana lako hale he nui e hana i nā mea holoi hou a me nā huahana hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻē aʻe.
Ma ka mākeke haʻahaʻa, he mea holoi waiwai loa ia. Wahi a Arif, aia paha he surfactant makepono wale nō, e like me ka linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LABS) a me nā mea ʻono a me nā kala. ʻO ka pae aʻe o ka huahana e hoʻohui paha i nā mea hoʻohui surfactant a i ʻole nā ​​mea kūkulu, e like me ka sodium citrate, tackifier a me ka lua o ka surfactant.
He surfactant anionic ʻo LABS, he maikaʻi ia i ka wehe ʻana i nā ʻāpana mai nā lole a hana maikaʻi ma ka lole pulupulu. ʻO ka lua o ka surfactant maʻamau ʻo ia ka ethanol ethoxylate, kahi surfactant non-ionic, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o LABS, ʻoi aku hoʻi no ka wehe ʻana i ka momona a me ka lepo mai nā olonā synthetic.
Ma ke kolu o ka papa, hiki i nā mea hoʻohui ke hoʻohui i nā mea hoʻomālamalama optical ma ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa iki. Hoʻopili kēia mau mea hoʻomālamalama optical i ka mālamalama ultraviolet a hoʻokuʻu iā ia i loko o ka ʻāpana polū e hoʻomālamalama ai i nā lole. Loaʻa pinepine nā surfactants maikaʻi aʻe, nā mea chelating, nā mea kūkulu ʻē aʻe a me nā polymers anti-redeposition i loko o ia mau ʻano, hiki ke hoʻopaʻa i ka lepo mai ka wai holoi e pale aku ai i ka waiho hou ʻana ma luna o ka lole.
ʻO nā mea holoi pipiʻi loa e hōʻike ʻia e ka hoʻouka surfactant kiʻekiʻe a me nā ʻano surfactants ʻē aʻe, e like me nā sulfates waiʻona, nā sulfates waiʻona ethoxy, nā oxides amine, nā kopa momona momona a me nā cations. Hāʻule pū nā polymers hopu lepo exotic (kekahi i hana ʻia no nā ʻoihana e like me Procter & Gamble lāua ʻo Henkel) a me nā enzymes i loko o kēia māhele.
Eia nō naʻe, ua ʻōlelo aʻo ʻo Arif e lawe mai ana ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā mea hoʻohui i kāna mau pilikia ponoʻī. I kekahi ʻano, he ʻepekema ka hana ʻana o ka detergent, a ua ʻike nā kemika i ka maikaʻi o nā ʻāpana kemika, e like me ka hana o ka ʻili o nā surfactants.
Ua wehewehe ʻo ia: "Eia naʻe, i ka manawa e hoʻomohala ʻia ai ke ʻano hana, e pili kēia mau mea a pau kekahi i kekahi, a ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke wānana pololei i ka mea e hana ai ke ʻano hana hope loa." "Pono ʻoe e hoʻāʻo e hōʻoia i ka hana maoli."
Eia kekahi laʻana, hiki i nā surfactants a me nā mea kūkulu hale ke kāohi i ka hana enzyme, wahi a Arif. Hiki i nā mea hoʻohuihui detergent ke hoʻohana i nā mea hoʻopaʻa enzyme (e like me ka sodium borate a me ka calcium formate) e hoʻoponopono i kēia pilikia.
Ua kuhikuhi ʻo Franco Pala, ke kanaka noiʻi nui o ka Papahana Detergent Honua o Battelle, ʻo ka nui o ka surfactant i loaʻa i nā lama detergent kiʻekiʻe hiki ke hoʻoulu i nā pilikia. "ʻAʻole maʻalahi ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā surfactants he nui i kēlā ʻano kiʻekiʻe," wahi a Pala. Lilo ka solubility i mea pilikia, a lilo pū nā pilina maikaʻi ʻole ma waena o nā surfactants i mea pilikia.
Ua hoʻomaka ka papahana Battelle multi-client i alakaʻi ʻia e Pala i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki 1990 ma ka nānā ʻana i ka haku mele ʻana o nā lama huahana hoʻomaʻemaʻe honua nui. Hoʻohana ʻo Battelle i kahi ʻano o nā mea hana ʻepekema e kōkua i nā mea nona ka lama a me nā mea hoʻolako mea maka e hele ma mua o ka papa inoa mea hoʻohui e hoʻomaopopo ai, no ka laʻana, ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ethoxylation o nā surfactants a i ʻole inā he linear a lālā paha ke kuamoʻo surfactant.
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Para i kēia lā, he kumu nui nā polymers no ka hana hou ʻana i nā mea hoʻohui detergent. No ka laʻana, aia nā huahana Tide a me Persil i ka polyethyleneimine ethoxylate, he polymer omo lepo i hoʻomohala ʻia e BASF no Procter & Gamble, akā i kēia manawa ua loaʻa nui ʻia i nā mea hana detergent.
Ua kuhikuhi ʻo Pala ua loaʻa pū nā copolymers terephthalic acid i kekahi mau detergents kiʻekiʻe, nā mea e uhi i ka lole i ka wā holoi, e maʻalahi ai ka wehe ʻana i nā ʻōpala a me ka lepo i ka wā holoi ma hope. Hoʻohana ʻo Battelle i nā mea hana e like me ka gel permeation chromatography e hoʻokaʻawale i nā polymers a laila hoʻohana i ka spectroscopy infrared e hoʻoholo ai i ko lākou ʻano.
Hoʻolohe pono ka papahana Battelle i nā enzymes, ʻo ia nā huahana biotech a nā mea hana e hoʻomau nei e hoʻomaikaʻi i kēlā me kēia makahiki. No ka loiloi ʻana i ka hana o ka enzyme, ua hōʻike ka hui o Pala i ka enzyme i kahi substrate e loaʻa ana kahi chromophore. Ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa ka enzyme i ka substrate, hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka chromophore a ana ʻia e ka absorption a i ʻole fluorescence spectroscopy.
ʻO nā protease e hoʻouka i nā protein nā enzymes mua i hoʻohui ʻia i nā detergents i ka hopena o nā makahiki 1960. ʻO nā enzymes ma hope mai i hoʻohui ʻia i ka arsenal, ʻo ia ka amylase, ka mea e hoʻopau ai i ka starch, a me ka mannanase, ka mea e hoʻopau ai i nā thickeners no ka guar gum. Ke ninini ʻia nā meaʻai i loaʻa ka guar (e like me ka ice cream a me ka barbecue sauce) ma luna o nā lole, e noho mau ka chewing gum ma luna o nā lole ma hope o ka holoi ʻana. Hoʻokomo ʻia ia i loko o ka lole a hoʻohana ʻia e like me ke kāpili no ka lepo granular, e hana ana i nā ʻōpala paʻakikī e wehe.
Loaʻa i ka Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2in1 a me Tide Ultra Stain Release nā protease, amylase a me ka mannanase.
Loaʻa pū iā Persil ka lipase (hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe i ka momona) a me ka cellulase (hiki ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ma ke ʻano ʻē ma ka hydrolyzing ʻana i kekahi mau pilina glycosidic i loko o ka fiber pulupulu) e wehe i ka lepo i hoʻopili ʻia i ka fiber. Hiki i ka Cellulase ke palupalu i ka pulupulu a hoʻomaikaʻi i kona ʻōlinolino kala. I ka manawa like, e like me nā palapala patent, ʻo ka hiʻohiʻona kūikawā o ka detergent tidal ʻo ia ka glucanase, hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe i nā polysaccharides i hiki ʻole i ka amylase ke hoʻohaumia.
ʻO Novozymes lāua ʻo DuPont he mau mea hana nui o nā enzymes no ka manawa lōʻihi, akā ua komo koke ʻo BASF i ka ʻoihana ma ke ʻano o nā protease. Ma ka ʻAha Kūkākūkā Hoʻomaʻemaʻe i mālama ʻia ma Kelemania i ka hāʻule i hala, ua hoʻolaha ʻo BASF i ka hui pū ʻana o kāna protease hou a me ka polyethyleneimine ethoxylate, me ka ʻōlelo ʻana e hāʻawi ka hui ʻana i ka hana i hoʻonui ʻia no nā mea kūʻai aku e makemake ana e hana i nā detergents no ka holoi ʻana i ka mahana haʻahaʻa.
ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻōlelo ʻo Arif a me nā mea nānā mākeke ʻē aʻe ʻo ka ʻae ʻana i nā mea hana detergent e hana i nā mea hoʻohui e pono ai ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu haʻahaʻa a i ʻole ka pale ʻana i ke kaiapuni mai nā kumu kūlohelohe ka palena aʻe o ka ʻoihana. I Mei i ka makahiki i hala, ua hoʻolauna ʻo P&G iā Tide Purclean, kahi mana o kāna hōʻailona kaulana, kahi i loaʻa ai ka 65% o nā mea hoʻohui mai nā mea kanu. A laila, i ʻOkakopa, ua loaʻa iā Unilever ʻo Seventh Generation, kahi mea hana o nā detergents mea kanu a me nā huahana hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻē aʻe, e komo hou i ka mākeke detergent US.
ʻOiai he mea paʻakikī mau ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā mea hoʻohui maikaʻi loa i nā mea holoi lanakila, "ʻoi aku ka kūlohelohe o ke ʻano o kēia lā," wahi a Arif. "Ke nīnau nei nā mea kūʻai aku, 'Pehea mākou e hana ai i nā huahana i loaʻa mai nā mea kūlohelohe i emi iki ka ʻawahia i nā kānaka a me ke kaiapuni, akā hana maikaʻi nō naʻe?'"