ʻO ka ʻatikala kekahi ʻāpana o ke kumuhana noiʻi "Nā ʻenehana bioremediation holomua a me nā kaʻina hana hana hou ʻana o nā hui organik synthetic (SOC). E nānā i nā ʻatikala 14 āpau
ʻO nā hydrocarbons aromatic polycyclic haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (PAHs) e like me ka naphthalene a me nā naphthalenes i pani ʻia (methylnaphthalene, naphthoic acid, 1-naphthyl-N-methylcarbamate, etc.) ua hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā ʻoihana like ʻole a he genotoxic, mutagenic a/a i ʻole carcinogenic i nā meaola. ʻO kēia mau pūhui organik synthetic (SOCs) a i ʻole xenobiotics ua manaʻo ʻia he mau mea haumia koʻikoʻi a hoʻoweliweli nui i ke kaiapuni honua a me ke olakino lehulehu. ʻO ka ikaika o nā hana a ke kanaka (e like me ke gasification lanahu, ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻaila, nā hoʻokuʻu kaʻa a me nā noi mahiʻai) e hoʻoholo ai i ka nui, ka hopena a me ka lawe ʻana o kēia mau pūhui ubiquitous a mau loa. Ma waho aʻe o nā ʻano hana mālama/wehe kino a me ke kemika, ua puka mai nā ʻenehana ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me nā ʻano pili kaiapuni e like me ka bioremediation, e hoʻohana ana i nā microorganisms hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa loa i nā POC a i ʻole e hoʻololi iā lākou i nā huahana ʻawaʻawa ʻole, ua puka mai ma ke ʻano he koho palekana, kūpono ke kumukūʻai a hoʻohiki. Ua hōʻike nā ʻano bacteria like ʻole no ka phyla Proteobacteria (Pseudomonas, Pseudomonas, Comamonas, Burkholderia, a me Neosphingobacterium), Firmicutes (Bacillus a me Paenibacillus), a me Actinobacteria (Rhodococcus a me Arthrobacter) i loko o ka microbiota lepo i ka hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā hui organik like ʻole. Kōkua nā haʻawina metabolic, genomics, a me ka nānā ʻana o metagenomic iā mākou e hoʻomaopopo i ka paʻakikī catabolic a me ke ʻano like ʻole i loaʻa i kēia mau ʻano ola maʻalahi, hiki ke hoʻopili hou ʻia no ka biodegradation kūpono. ʻO ka noho lōʻihi ʻana o nā PAHs ua hopena i ka puka ʻana mai o nā phenotypes degradation hou ma o ka hoʻoili gene horizontal me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea genetic e like me plasmids, transposons, bacteriophages, genomic islands, a me nā mea conjugative integrative. Hiki i ka biology systems a me ka ʻenekinia genetic o nā isolates kikoʻī a i ʻole nā ​​​​kaiāulu hoʻohālike (consortia) ke hiki i ka bioremediation piha, wikiwiki a maikaʻi o kēia mau PAHs ma o nā hopena synergistic. Ma kēia loiloi, ke kālele nei mākou i nā ala metabolic like ʻole a me ke ʻano like ʻole, ka haku mele ʻana a me ke ʻano like ʻole, a me nā pane/hoʻololi ʻana o ke kelepona o ka naphthalene a me nā bacteria naphthalene-degrading i pani ʻia. E hāʻawi kēia i ka ʻike ecological no ka hoʻopili ʻana i ke kahua a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke ʻano no ka bioremediation kūpono.
ʻO ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā ʻoihana (petrochemicals, mahiʻai, lāʻau lapaʻau, nā kala lole, nā mea hoʻonani, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe) ua kōkua i ka pōmaikaʻi waiwai honua a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā kūlana ola. Ua hopena kēia hoʻomohala exponential i ka hana ʻana o kahi nui o nā hui organik synthetic (SOCs), i hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā huahana like ʻole. ʻO kēia mau hui haole a i ʻole SOCs e komo pū me nā polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pesticides, herbicides, plasticizers, dyes, pharmaceuticals, organophosphates, flame retardants, volatile organic solvents, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia lākou i ka lewa, nā ʻōnaehana wai a me nā ʻōnaehana honua kahi i loaʻa ai iā lākou nā hopena multidimensional, e hana ana i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole i nā bioforms like ʻole ma o ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā waiwai physicochemical a me ke ʻano o ke kaiāulu (Petrie et al., 2015; Bernhardt et al., 2017; Sarkar et al., 2020). He nui nā mea haumia ʻala i loaʻa nā hopena ikaika a luku i nā ʻōnaehana olaola/nā wahi wela o ka biodiversity (e like me nā ʻāpapa koʻa, nā papa hau Arctic/Antarctic, nā loko mauna kiʻekiʻe, nā sediments kai hohonu, a pēlā aku) (Jones 2010; Beyer et al. 2020; Nordborg et al. 2020). Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina geomicrobiological hou nei ʻo ka waiho ʻana o nā mea olaola synthetic (e like me nā mea haumia ʻala) a me kā lākou mau mea i loaʻa ma luna o nā ʻili o nā hale hana (kaiapuni i kūkulu ʻia) (e like me nā wahi hoʻoilina moʻomeheu a me nā kia hoʻomanaʻo i hana ʻia me ka granite, ka pōhaku, ka lāʻau a me ka metala) e hoʻolalelale i ko lākou hōʻino ʻia (Gadd 2017; Liu et al. 2018). Hiki i nā hana a ke kanaka ke hoʻoikaika a hoʻonui i ka hōʻino ʻana o nā kia hoʻomanaʻo a me nā hale ma o ka haumia o ka ea a me ka loli o ke aniau (Liu et al. 2020). Hoʻopili kēia mau mea haumia olaola me ka mahu wai i ka lewa a noho ma luna o ka hale, e hana ana i ka hōʻino kino a me ke kemika o ka mea. Ua ʻike nui ʻia ka hōʻino ʻana o ka biodegradation he mau loli makemake ʻole ʻia i ke ʻano a me nā waiwai o nā mea i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā meaola ola e hoʻopilikia i ko lākou mālama ʻana (Pochon lāua ʻo Jaton, 1967). Hiki i ka hana microbial hou aʻe (metabolism) o kēia mau hui ke hōʻemi i ka pono o ke kūkulu ʻana, ka pono o ka mālama ʻana a me ka waiwai moʻomeheu (Gadd, 2017; Liu et al., 2018). Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, i kekahi mau hihia, ua ʻike ʻia ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka microbial a me ka pane ʻana i kēia mau hale he mea pono ia no ka mea e hana ana lākou i nā biofilms a me nā ʻōpala pale ʻē aʻe e hōʻemi ana i ka wikiwiki o ka palaho/decomposition (Martino, 2016). No laila, ʻo ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hoʻolālā mālama hoʻomau lōʻihi no nā kia hoʻomanaʻo pōhaku, metala a me ka lāʻau e pono ai ka hoʻomaopopo piha ʻana i nā kaʻina hana koʻikoʻi e pili ana i kēia kaʻina hana. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā kaʻina hana kūlohelohe (nā kaʻina hana geological, nā ahi ululāʻau, nā pele lua pele, nā hopena mea kanu a me nā bacteria), ʻo nā hana a ke kanaka e hopena i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā nui nui o nā polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) a me nā kalapona organik (OC) ʻē aʻe i loko o nā kaiaolaola. ʻO ka nui o nā PAH i hoʻohana ʻia i ka mahiʻai (nā mea pepehi pepeke a me nā pesticides e like me DDT, atrazine, carbaryl, pentachlorophenol, etc.), ʻoihana (ʻaila maka, sludge/waste ʻaila, plastics i loaʻa mai ka petroleum, PCBs, plasticizers, detergents, disinfectants, fumigants, fragrances and preservatives), nā huahana mālama pilikino (nā pale lā, nā disinfectants, nā mea hoʻopau pepeke a me nā polycyclic musks) a me nā munitions (nā mea pahū e like me 2,4,6-TNT) he mau xenobiotics hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ke olakino honua (Srogi, 2007; Vamsee-Krishna lāua ʻo Phale, 2008; Petrie et al., 2015). Hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia kēia papa inoa e hoʻokomo i nā hui i loaʻa mai ka petroleum (nā ʻaila wahie, nā lubricants, nā asphaltenes), nā bioplastics kaumaha molekala kiʻekiʻe, a me nā wai ionic (Amde et al., 2015). Papa inoa ka Papa 1 i nā mea haumia ʻala like ʻole a me kā lākou noi ma nā ʻoihana like ʻole. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻomaka ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā hoʻokuʻu anthropogenic o nā hui organik volatile, a me ke kalapona dioxide a me nā kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻē aʻe (Dvorak et al., 2017). Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hopena anthropogenic ma mua o nā hopena kūlohelohe. Eia kekahi, ua ʻike mākou he nui nā SOC e mau nei i nā wahi kaiapuni he nui a ua ʻike ʻia he mau mea haumia e kū mai ana me nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole ma nā biomes (Kiʻi 1). Ua hoʻokomo nā keʻena kaiapuni e like me ka United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) i ka nui o kēia mau mea haumia i kā lākou papa inoa koʻikoʻi ma muli o ko lākou mau waiwai cytotoxic, genotoxic, mutagenic, a me carcinogenic. No laila, pono nā lula hoʻolei koʻikoʻi a me nā hoʻolālā kūpono no ka mālama ʻana/wehe ʻana i nā ʻōpala mai nā ʻōnaehana ola haumia. ʻO nā ʻano hana mālama kino a me nā kemika like ʻole e like me ka pyrolysis, ka mālama ʻana i ka thermal oxidative, ka aeration air, ka landfilling, ka incineration, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe he mea kūpono ʻole a he kumukūʻai nui a hoʻopuka i nā huahana corrosive, toxic a paʻakikī hoʻi e mālama. Me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka ʻike honua i ke kaiapuni, ʻo nā microorganisms hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa i kēia mau mea haumia a me kā lākou mau mea i loaʻa (e like me ka halogenated, nitro, alkyl a/a i ʻole methyl) ke huki nei i ka nānā nui ʻana (Fennell et al., 2004; Haritash lāua ʻo Kaushik, 2009; Phale et al., 2020; Sarkar et al., 2020; Schwanemann et al., 2020). ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia mau microorganisms moho ʻōiwi wale nō a i ʻole i loko o nā moʻomeheu i hui ʻia (koloni) no ka wehe ʻana i nā mea haumia ʻala he mau pono ia ma ke ʻano o ka palekana o ke kaiapuni, ke kumukūʻai, ka pono, ka pono, a me ka hoʻomau. Ke noiʻi nei nā mea noiʻi i ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā kaʻina hana microbial me nā ʻano redox electrochemical, ʻo ia hoʻi nā ʻōnaehana bioelectrochemical (BES), ma ke ʻano he ʻenehana hoʻohiki no ka mālama ʻana/wehe ʻana i nā mea haumia (Huang et al., 2011). Ua hoʻonui ʻia ka nānā ʻana o ka ʻenehana BES ma muli o kona pono kiʻekiʻe, ke kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa, ka palekana o ke kaiapuni, ka hana mahana o ka lumi, nā mea biocompatible, a me ka hiki ke hoʻihoʻi i nā huahana waiwai nui (e laʻa, ka uila, ka wahie, a me nā kemika) (Pant et al., 2012; Nazari et al., 2020). ʻO ka hiki ʻana mai o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka genome kiʻekiʻe a me nā mea hana/ʻano hana omics ua hāʻawi i ka nui o ka ʻike hou e pili ana i ka hoʻoponopono genetic, proteomics, a me fluxomics o nā hopena o nā microorganism degrader like ʻole. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i kēia mau mea hana me ka biology ʻōnaehana ua hoʻonui hou i ko mākou ʻike i ke koho ʻana a me ka hoʻoponopono maikaʻi ʻana i nā ala catabolic target i loko o nā microorganism (ʻo ia hoʻi, ka hoʻolālā metabolic) e hoʻokō i ka biodegradation kūpono a maikaʻi. No ka hoʻolālā ʻana i nā hoʻolālā bioremediation kūpono me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā microorganism moho kūpono, pono mākou e hoʻomaopopo i ka hiki biochemical, ka ʻokoʻa metabolic, ka hoʻohui genetic, a me ka ecology (autoecology/synecology) o nā microorganism.
Kiʻi 1. Nā kumu a me nā ala o nā PAH haʻahaʻa-molecular ma o nā ʻano kaiapuni like ʻole a me nā kumu like ʻole e pili ana i ka biota. Hōʻike nā laina kuʻi i nā pilina ma waena o nā mea ʻōnaehana ola.
Ma kēia loiloi, ua hoʻāʻo mākou e hōʻuluʻulu i ka ʻikepili ma ka hōʻino ʻana o nā PAH maʻalahi e like me ka naphthalene a me nā naphthalenes i pani ʻia e nā isolates bacteria like ʻole e uhi ana i nā ala metabolic a me ke ʻano like ʻole, nā enzymes e pili ana i ka hōʻino ʻana, ka haku mele ʻana o ka gene/ʻike a me ke ʻano like ʻole, nā pane cellular a me nā ʻano like ʻole o ka bioremediation. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā pae biochemical a me nā molekala e kōkua i ka ʻike ʻana i nā ʻano host kūpono a me kā lākou ʻenekinia genetic hou aʻe no ka bioremediation maikaʻi o ia mau mea haumia koʻikoʻi. E kōkua kēia i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hoʻolālā no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka consortia bacteria kikoʻī no ka bioremediation maikaʻi.
ʻO ke alo o ka nui o nā hui ʻala ʻawahia a weliweli (e hoʻokō ana i ke kānāwai Huckel 4n + 2π electrons, n = 1, 2, 3,…) he hoʻoweliweli koʻikoʻi ia i nā ʻano pāpaho kaiapuni like ʻole e like me ka ea, ka lepo, nā sediments, a me ka ʻili a me ka wai honua (Puglisi et al., 2007). Loaʻa i kēia mau hui nā apo benzene hoʻokahi (monocyclic) a i ʻole nā ​​apo benzene he nui (polycyclic) i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma ke ʻano linear, angular a cluster paha a hōʻike i ke kūpaʻa (stability/instability) i ke kaiapuni ma muli o ka ikehu resonance maikaʻi ʻole a me ka inertness (inertness), hiki ke wehewehe ʻia e ko lākou hydrophobicity a me ke kūlana i hoʻemi ʻia. Ke pani hou ʻia ke apo ʻala e nā hui methyl (-CH3), carboxyl (-COOH), hydroxyl (-OH), a i ʻole sulfonate (-HSO3), lilo ia i mea paʻa, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka pilina no nā macromolecules, a he bioaccumulative i nā ʻōnaehana biological (Seo et al., 2009; Phale et al., 2020). Ua hoʻokomo ʻia kekahi mau hydrocarbons aromatic polycyclic kaumaha haʻahaʻa (LMWAHs), e like me ka naphthalene a me kāna mau mea i loaʻa [methylnaphthalene, naphthoic acid, naphthalenesulfonate, a me 1-naphthyl N-methylcarbamate (carbaryl)], i loko o ka papa inoa o nā mea haumia organik koʻikoʻi e ka US Environmental Protection Agency ma ke ʻano he genotoxic, mutagenic, a/a i ʻole carcinogenic (Cerniglia, 1984). ʻO ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o kēia papa o NM-PAHs i loko o ke kaiapuni e hopena paha i ka bioaccumulation o kēia mau hui ma nā pae āpau o ke kaulahao meaʻai, a laila e hoʻopilikia ana i ke olakino o nā ʻōnaehana ola (Binkova et al., 2000; Srogi, 2007; Quinn et al., 2009).
ʻO nā kumu a me nā ala o nā PAH i ka biota ma o ka neʻe ʻana a me nā pilina ma waena o nā ʻāpana kaiaolaola like ʻole e like me ka lepo, ka wai honua, ka wai o luna, nā mea kanu a me ka lewa (Arey lāua ʻo Atkinson, 2003). Hōʻike ka Kiʻi 1 i nā pilina a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā PAH kaumaha molekala haʻahaʻa like ʻole i loko o nā kaiaolaola a me ko lākou mau ala i ka biota/ka hōʻike ʻana i ke kanaka. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā PAH ma luna o nā ʻili ma muli o ka haumia o ka ea a ma o ka neʻe ʻana (drift) o nā hoʻokuʻu ʻana o nā kaʻa, nā kinoea hoʻopau ʻoihana (ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ke kalapona, ka puhi ʻana a me ka hana ʻana o ka coke) a me kā lākou waiho ʻana. ʻO nā hana ʻoihana e like me ka hana ʻana i nā lole synthetic, nā kala a me nā pena; ka mālama ʻana i ka lāʻau; ka hana ʻana i ka rubber; nā hana hana sima; ka hana pesticide; a me nā noi mahiʻai nā kumu nui o nā PAH i nā ʻōnaehana terrestrial a me nā wai (Bamforth lāua ʻo Singleton, 2005; Wick et al., 2011). Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina he ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka lepo ma nā wahi suburban a me nā kūlanakauhale, kokoke i nā alaloa, a ma nā kūlanakauhale nui i nā polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) ma muli o nā hoʻokuʻu ʻana mai nā mea hana mana, ka hoʻomehana hale noho, nā ukana ea a me ke alanui, a me nā hana kūkulu hale (Suman et al., 2016). Ua hōʻike ʻia (2008) ua like ke kiʻekiʻe o nā PAH i loko o ka lepo kokoke i nā alanui ma New Orleans, Louisiana, USA me 7189 μg/kg, ʻoiai ma kahi ākea, he 2404 μg/kg wale nō. Pēlā nō, ua hōʻike ʻia nā pae PAH e like me 300 μg/kg ma nā wahi kokoke i nā kahua gasification lanahu ma kekahi mau kūlanakauhale o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (Kanaly lāua ʻo Harayama, 2000; Bamforth lāua ʻo Singleton, 2005). Ua hōʻike ʻia nā lepo mai nā kūlanakauhale like ʻole o India e like me Delhi (Sharma et al., 2008), Agra (Dubey et al., 2014), Mumbai (Kulkarni lāua ʻo Venkataraman, 2000) a me Visakhapatnam (Kulkarni et al., 2014) he nui nā PAH. ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻopili ʻia ʻana o nā mea ʻala ma luna o nā ʻāpana lepo, nā mea olaola a me nā minelala lepo, a lilo ia i mau poho kalapona nui i loko o nā kaiaolaola (Srogi, 2007; Peng et al., 2008). ʻO nā kumu nui o nā PAH i loko o nā kaiaolaola wai he ua (ua pulu/maloʻo a me ka mahu wai), ka holo ʻana o ke kūlanakauhale, ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka wai ʻino, ka hoʻopiha hou ʻana o ka wai honua, a pēlā aku (Srogi, 2007). Ua manaʻo ʻia ma kahi o 80% o nā PAH i loko o nā kaiaolaola kai i loaʻa mai ka ua, ka sedimentation, a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o nā ʻōpala (Motelay-Massei et al., 2006; Srogi, 2007). ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o nā PAH i loko o ka wai o luna a i ʻole ka wai hoʻoheheʻe ʻōpala mai nā wahi hoʻolei ʻōpala paʻa e kahe ana i loko o ka wai honua, e hoʻoweliweli nui ana i ke olakino lehulehu no ka mea ʻoi aku ma mua o 70% o ka heluna kanaka ma Asia Hema a me Hikina Hema e inu ana i ka wai honua (Duttagupta et al., 2019). Ua ʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi hou na Duttagupta et al. (2020) o nā loiloi muliwai (32) a me ka wai honua (235) mai West Bengal, India, he 53% o nā kamaʻāina kūlanakauhale a me 44% o nā kamaʻāina kuaʻāina (he 20 miliona mau kamaʻāina) e pili ana paha i ka naphthalene (4.9–10.6 μg/L) a me kāna mau mea i loaʻa. ʻO nā ʻano hoʻohana ʻāina like ʻole a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka unuhi ʻana o ka wai honua i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia nā kumu nui e kāohi ana i ka halihali kū pololei (advection) o nā PAH kaumaha molekala haʻahaʻa ma ka ʻili honua. Ua ʻike ʻia ua hoʻopilikia ʻia ka wai mahiʻai, nā hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka wai ʻino o ke kūlanakauhale a me nā ʻoihana, a me nā hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka ʻōpala paʻa/ʻōpala e nā PAH ma nā kīʻaha muliwai a me nā sediments subsurface. Hoʻonui hou ka ua o ka lewa i ka haumia PAH. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o nā PAH a me kā lākou mau alkyl derivatives (51 ma ka huina) ma nā muliwai/nā kahawai wai ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, e like me ka muliwai ʻo Fraser, ka muliwai ʻo Louan, ka muliwai ʻo Denso, ka muliwai ʻo Missouri, ka muliwai ʻo Anacostia, ka muliwai ʻo Ebro, a me ka muliwai ʻo Delaware (Yunker et al., 2002; Motelay-Massei et al., 2006; Li et al., 2010; Amoako et al., 2011; Kim et al., 2018). Ma nā sediments o ke kahawai ʻo Ganges, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo naphthalene a me phenanthrene nā mea koʻikoʻi loa (ʻike ʻia ma 70% o nā laʻana) (Duttagupta et al., 2019). Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike nā haʻawina e hiki i ka chlorination o ka wai inu ke alakaʻi i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā PAH oxygenated a me chlorinated ʻoi aku ka ʻawaʻawa (Manoli lāua ʻo Samara, 1999). Hōʻiliʻili nā PAH i loko o nā cereals, nā huaʻai a me nā mea kanu ma muli o ka lawe ʻia ʻana e nā mea kanu mai ka lepo haumia, ka wai honua a me ka ua (Fismes et al., 2002). He nui nā meaola wai e like me ka iʻa, nā mussels, nā clams a me ka shrimp i haumia me nā PAHs ma o ka ʻai ʻana i ka meaʻai haumia a me ka wai kai, a ma o nā ʻiʻo a me ka ʻili (Mackay lāua ʻo Fraser, 2000). ʻO nā ʻano kuke/hana e like me ke kālua ʻana, ka pūlehu ʻana, ka puhipaka, ka palai ʻana, ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana, ka hoʻomoʻa ʻana a me ka kuke ʻana i ka lanahu hiki ke alakaʻi i nā nui o nā PAHs i ka meaʻai. Pili nui kēia i ke koho ʻana o ka mea puhipaka, ka nui o ka hydrocarbon phenolic/aromatic, ke kaʻina hana kuke, ke ʻano mea hoʻomehana, ka nui o ka makū, ka lako oxygen a me ka mahana puhi (Guillén et al., 2000; Gomes et al., 2013). Ua ʻike ʻia hoʻi nā hydrocarbons aromatic polycyclic (PAHs) i loko o ka waiū ma nā ʻano like ʻole (0.75–2.1 mg/L) (Girelli et al., 2014). ʻO ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o kēia mau PAH i ka meaʻai e pili ana hoʻi i nā waiwai physicochemical o ka meaʻai, ʻoiai ʻo kā lākou hopena ʻawahia e pili ana i nā hana physiological, ka hana metabolic, ka omo ʻana, ka hoʻolaha ʻana a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ke kino (Mechini et al., 2011).
Ua ʻike ʻia ka ʻawaʻawa a me nā hopena ʻino o nā polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) no ka manawa lōʻihi (Cherniglia, 1984). Hiki i nā polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons kaumaha haʻahaʻa (LMW-PAHs) (ʻelua a ʻekolu mau apo) ke hoʻopaʻa covalently i nā macromolecules like ʻole e like me DNA, RNA a me nā protein a he carcinogenic (Santarelli et al., 2008). Ma muli o ko lākou ʻano hydrophobic, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou e nā membrane lipid. I loko o ke kanaka, hoʻopau nā cytochrome P450 monooxygenases i nā PAHs i nā epoxides, ʻo kekahi o ia mau mea he reactive loa (e laʻa, baediol epoxide) a hiki ke alakaʻi i ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā cell maʻamau i nā mea ʻino (Marston et al., 2001). Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka ʻawaʻawa o nā huahana hoʻololi o nā PAHs e like me quinones, phenols, epoxides, diols, etc. ma mua o nā hui makua. Hiki i kekahi mau PAH a me kā lākou mau mea waena metabolic ke hoʻopilikia i nā hormones a me nā enzymes like ʻole i ka metabolism, no laila e hoʻopilikia maikaʻi ʻole i ka ulu ʻana, ka ʻōnaehana nerve waena, nā ʻōnaehana hānau a me nā ʻōnaehana pale (Swetha lāua ʻo Phale, 2005; Vamsee-Krishna et al., 2006; Oostingh et al., 2008). Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hōʻike pōkole ʻana i nā PAH kaumaha molekala haʻahaʻa e hoʻopilikia i ka hana māmā a me ka thrombosis i nā asthmatics a e hoʻonui i ka pilikia o ka ʻili, ka māmā, ka ʻōpū a me nā maʻi ʻaʻai gastrointestinal (Olsson et al., 2010; Diggs et al., 2011). Ua hōʻike pū ʻia nā haʻawina holoholona hiki i ka hōʻike ʻana o PAH ke loaʻa nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ka hana hānau a me ka ulu ʻana a hiki ke hana i nā cataracts, nā puʻupaʻa a me ke akepaʻa, a me ka jaundice. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā huahana biotransformation PAH like ʻole e like me diols, epoxides, quinones a me nā radical free (cations) e hana i nā adducts DNA. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā adducts paʻa e hoʻololi i ka mīkini hana hoʻopili DNA, ʻoiai hiki i nā adducts paʻa ʻole ke hoʻohemo i ka DNA (ʻo ia hoʻi i ka adenine a i kekahi manawa i ka guanine); hiki i nā mea ʻelua ke hana i nā hewa e alakaʻi ai i nā mutations (Schweigert et al. 2001). Eia kekahi, hiki i nā quinones (benzo-/pan-) ke hana i nā ʻano oxygen reactive (ROS), e hōʻeha nui ana i ka DNA a me nā macromolecules ʻē aʻe, a laila e hoʻopilikia ana i ka hana/ola o nā ʻiʻo (Ewa lāua ʻo Danuta 2017). Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hōʻike mau ʻana i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka pyrene, biphenyl a me ka naphthalene e hoʻoulu ai i ka maʻi kanesa i nā holoholona hoʻokolohua (Diggs et al. 2012). Ma muli o ko lākou ʻawahia make, ʻo ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe/wehe ʻana i kēia mau PAH mai nā wahi i hoʻopilikia ʻia/haʻihaʻi ʻia he mea nui ia.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano hana kino a me ke kemika like ʻole e wehe i nā PAH mai nā wahi/kaiapuni haumia. He nui nā hemahema o nā kaʻina hana e like me ka incineration, dechlorination, UV oxidation, fixation, a me ka solvent extraction, me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā huahana ʻawahia, ka paʻakikī o ke kaʻina hana, nā pilikia palekana a me nā hoʻoponopono, ka pono haʻahaʻa, a me ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka microbial biodegradation (i kapa ʻia ʻo bioremediation) he ala ʻē aʻe e hoʻohiki ai e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā microorganisms ma ke ʻano o nā moʻomeheu maʻemaʻe a i ʻole nā ​​kolone. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻano hana kino a me ke kemika, he aloha kaiapuni kēia kaʻina hana, ʻaʻole invasive, kūpono ke kumukūʻai, a hoʻomau. Hiki ke hana ʻia ka Bioremediation ma kahi i hoʻopilikia ʻia (in situ) a i ʻole ma kahi i hoʻomākaukau kūikawā ʻia (ex situ) a no laila ua manaʻo ʻia he ʻano hoʻoponopono hou aʻe ma mua o nā ʻano hana kino a me ke kemika kuʻuna (Juhasz lāua ʻo Naidu, 2000; Andreoni lāua ʻo Gianfreda, 2007; Megharaj et al., 2011; Phale et al., 2020; Sarkar et al., 2020).
ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻanuʻu metabolic microbial e pili ana i ka hōʻino ʻana o nā mea haumia ʻala he nui nā hopena ʻepekema a me ka hoʻokele waiwai no ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka nohona a me ke kaiapuni. Ua manaʻo ʻia he 2.1 × 1018 grams o ke kalapona (C) i mālama ʻia i loko o nā sediments a me nā hui organik (ʻo ia hoʻi, ka ʻaila, ke kinoea kūlohelohe, a me ka lanahu, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā wahie fossil) ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, e hāʻawi nui ana i ka pōʻaiapuni kalapona honua. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka wikiwiki o ka ʻoihana, ka unuhi ʻana i ka wahie fossil, a me nā hana a ke kanaka e hoʻopau nei i kēia mau waihona kalapona lithospheric, e hoʻokuʻu ana i kahi 5.5 × 1015 g o ke kalapona organik (e like me nā mea haumia) i ka lewa i kēlā me kēia makahiki (Gonzalez-Gaya et al., 2019). ʻO ka hapa nui o kēia kalapona organik e komo i nā ʻōnaehana honua a me ke kai ma o ka sedimentation, ka lawe ʻana, a me ka holo ʻana. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā mea haumia synthetic hou i loaʻa mai nā wahie fossil, e like me nā plastics, plasticizers a me nā mea hoʻopaʻa plastic (phthalates a me kā lākou isomers), e hoʻohaumia nui i nā ʻōnaehana kai, lepo a me nā wai a me kā lākou biota, no laila e hoʻonui ai i nā pilikia o ke aniau honua. Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā ʻano microplastics like ʻole, nanoplastics, nā ʻāpana plastic a me kā lākou huahana monomer ʻawahia i loaʻa mai ka polyethylene terephthalate (PET) ma ka Moana Pākīpika ma waena o ʻAmelika ʻĀkau a me ʻAsia Hikina Hema, e hana ana i ka "Great Pacific Garbage Patch", e hōʻino ana i ke ola kai (Newell et al., 2020). Ua hōʻoia nā haʻawina ʻepekema ʻaʻole hiki ke wehe i kēlā mau mea haumia/ʻōpala ma o kekahi ʻano kino a kemika paha. Ma kēia ʻano, ʻo nā microorganisms pono loa, ʻo ia ka poʻe i hiki ke hoʻololi i nā mea haumia i loko o ke kalapona dioxide, ka ikehu kemika a me nā huahana ʻē aʻe ʻaʻole ʻawahia e komo hope ana i nā kaʻina hana cycling nutrient ʻē aʻe (H, O, N, S, P, Fe, etc.). No laila, ʻo ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka microbial ecophysiology o ka mineralization mea haumia aromatic a me kona kaohi ʻana i ke kaiapuni he mea nui ia no ka loiloi ʻana i ke kaʻina hana kalapona microbial, ka waihona kālā kalapona net a me nā pilikia o ke aniau e hiki mai ana. Ma muli o ka pono wikiwiki e wehe i kēlā mau hui mai ke kaiapuni, ua puka mai nā ʻoihana eco like ʻole e kālele ana i nā ʻenehana maʻemaʻe. ʻOkoʻa, ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā ʻōpala ʻoihana/nā kemika ʻōpala i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i loko o nā kaiaolaola (ʻo ia hoʻi ke ʻano o ka ʻōpala i ka waiwai) ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia kekahi o nā kia o ka hoʻokele waiwai pōʻai a me nā pahuhopu hoʻomohala hoʻomau (Close et al., 2012). No laila, ʻo ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻano metabolic, enzymatic a me genetic o kēia mau moho degradation hiki ke koʻikoʻi loa no ka wehe pono ʻana a me ka bioremediation o ia mau mea haumia ʻala.
Ma waena o nā mea haumia ʻala he nui, ke nānā pono nei mākou i nā PAH kaumaha molekala haʻahaʻa e like me ka naphthalene a me nā naphthalene i pani ʻia. ʻO kēia mau hui he mau ʻāpana nui o nā wahie i loaʻa mai ka petroleum, nā dyes textile, nā huahana mea kūʻai, nā pesticides (mothballs a me nā mea pale pepeke), nā plasticizers a me nā tannins a no laila ua laha nui ʻia i nā ʻōnaehana ola he nui (Preuss et al., 2003). Hōʻike nā hōʻike hou i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā ʻano naphthalene i loko o nā sediments aquifer, ka lepo wai a me nā lepo subsurface, nā wahi vadose a me nā moena muliwai, e hōʻike ana i kona bioaccumulation i ke kaiapuni (Duttagupta et al., 2019, 2020). Hōʻuluʻulu ka Papa 2 i nā waiwai physicochemical, nā noi a me nā hopena olakino o ka naphthalene a me kāna mau derivatives. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā PAH kaumaha molekala kiʻekiʻe ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka hydrophobic o ka naphthalene a me kāna mau derivatives, ʻoi aku ka wai-soluble a hoʻolaha nui ʻia i nā ʻōnaehana ola, no laila hoʻohana pinepine ʻia lākou ma ke ʻano he substrates hoʻohālike e aʻo ai i ka metabolism, genetics a me ka ʻokoʻa metabolic o PAHs. Hiki i kahi helu nui o nā microorganism ke hoʻololi i ka naphthalene a me kāna mau mea i loaʻa, a loaʻa ka ʻike piha e pili ana i kā lākou mau ala metabolic, nā enzymes a me nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻoponopono (Mallick et al., 2011; Phale et al., 2019, 2020). Eia kekahi, ua kapa ʻia ka naphthalene a me kāna mau mea i loaʻa he mau pūhui prototype no ka loiloi haumia kaiapuni ma muli o ko lākou nui a me ka bioavailability. Ua manaʻo ka US Environmental Protection Agency ʻo ka awelika o nā pae naphthalene he 5.19 μg no ka mika cubic mai ka uahi cigarette, ʻo ia hoʻi mai ka puhi ʻole ʻana, a me 7.8 a 46 μg mai ka uahi sidestream, ʻoiai ʻo ka hōʻike ʻana i ka creosote a me ka naphthalene he 100 a 10,000 mau manawa kiʻekiʻe aʻe (Preuss et al. 2003). Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Naphthalene ma ke ʻano kūikawā he ʻano, ʻāpana, a me ke kāne e pili ana i ka ʻawaʻawa hanu a me ka carcinogenicity. Ma muli o nā haʻawina holoholona, ​​ua hoʻokaʻawale ka International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) i ka naphthalene ma ke ʻano he "carcinogen kanaka hiki" (Group 2B)1. ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i nā naphthalenes i pani ʻia, ma o ka hanu ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻokele parenteral (waha), e hōʻeha ai i nā ʻiʻo māmā a hoʻonui i ka nui o nā puʻupuʻu māmā i nā ʻiole a me nā ʻiole (National Toxicology Program 2). ʻO nā hopena koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka nausea, ka luaʻi ʻana, ka ʻeha ʻōpū, ka maʻi diarrhea, ka ʻeha poʻo, ka huikau, ka hou nui, ke kuni, ka tachycardia, a pēlā aku. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ua hōʻike ʻia ka insecticide carbaryl (1-naphthyl N-methylcarbamate) he mea ʻawahia i nā invertebrates wai, nā amphibians, nā pi meli a me nā kānaka a ua hōʻike ʻia e kāohi i ka acetylcholinesterase e hoʻoulu ai i ka paralysis (Smulders et al., 2003; Bulen lāua ʻo Distel, 2011). No laila, ʻo ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻano hana o ka microbial degradation, ka hoʻoponopono genetic, nā hopena enzymatic a me nā cellular he mea nui ia no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hoʻolālā bioremediation i nā wahi haumia.
Papa 2. ʻIke kikoʻī e pili ana i nā waiwai physicochemical, nā hoʻohana, nā ʻano ʻike a me nā maʻi pili o ka naphthalene a me kāna mau mea i loaʻa.
I loko o nā niches haumia, hiki i nā mea haumia hydrophobic a me lipophilic aromatic ke hana i nā ʻano hopena cellular ma ka microbiome kaiapuni (kaiāulu), e like me nā loli i ka membrane fluidity, membrane permeability, lipid bilayer swelling, disruption of energy transfer (electron transport chain/proton motive force), a me ka hana o nā protein e pili ana i ka membrane (Sikkema et al., 1995). Eia kekahi, ʻo kekahi mau mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e like me catechols a me quinones e hoʻopuka i nā reactive oxygen species (ROS) a hana i nā adducts me DNA a me nā protein (Penning et al., 1999). No laila, ʻo ka nui o ia mau hui i loko o nā ʻōnaehana ola e hoʻokau i ke kaomi koho ma luna o nā kaiāulu microbial e lilo i mau mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa maikaʻi ma nā pae physiological like ʻole, me ka uptake/transport, intracellular transformation, assimilation/utilization, a me ka compartmentalization.
Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi huli ʻana o ka Ribosomal Database Project-II (RDP-II) ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia he 926 mau ʻano bacteria mai nā mea hoʻolaha a i ʻole nā ​​moʻomeheu hoʻonui i haumia me ka naphthalene a i ʻole kāna mau mea i loaʻa. ʻO ka hui Proteobacteria ka nui o nā ʻelele (n = 755), ukali ʻia e Firmicutes (52), Bacteroidetes (43), Actinobacteria (39), Tenericutes (10), a me nā bacteria i hoʻokaʻawale ʻole ʻia (8) (Kiʻi 2). ʻO nā ʻelele o γ-Proteobacteria (Pseudomonadales a me Xanthomonadales) i noho aliʻi ma luna o nā hui Gram-negative āpau me ka nui o ka G+C (54%), ʻoiai ʻo Clostridiales a me Bacillales (30%) he mau hui Gram-positive me ka haʻahaʻa o ka G+C. Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo Pseudomonas (ka helu kiʻekiʻe loa, 338 mau ʻano) e hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka naphthalene a me kāna mau methyl derivatives i loko o nā ʻōnaehana ola haumia like ʻole (ke kēpau lanahu, ka ʻaila hinu, ka ʻaila maka, ka sludge, nā ʻaila i ninini ʻia, ka wai hoʻoneoneo, nā ʻōpala organik a me nā landfills) a me nā ʻōnaehana ola piha (lepo, nā muliwai, nā sediments a me ka wai honua) (Kiʻi 2). Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike nā haʻawina hoʻonui a me ka nānā ʻana o metagenomic o kekahi o kēia mau wahi he hiki i nā ʻano Legionella a me Clostridium i mahi ʻole ʻia ke loaʻa ka hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa, e hōʻike ana i ka pono e hoʻoulu i kēia mau bacteria e aʻo i nā ala hou a me nā ʻano like ʻole o ka metabolic.
Kiʻi 2. ʻO ke ʻano like ʻole o ka taxonomic a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā ʻelele bacteria ma nā wahi i haumia ʻia me ka naphthalene a me nā mea i loaʻa mai ka naphthalene.
Ma waena o nā ʻano microorganisms ʻala e hoʻohaʻahaʻa ana i ka hydrocarbon, hiki i ka hapa nui ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka naphthalene ma ke ʻano he kumu wale nō o ke kalapona a me ka ikehu. Ua wehewehe ʻia ke kaʻina o nā hanana i pili i ka metabolism naphthalene no Pseudomonas sp. (nā ʻano: NCIB 9816-4, G7, AK-5, PMD-1 a me CSV86), Pseudomonas stutzeri AN10, Pseudomonas fluorescens PC20 a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe (ND6 a me AS1) (Mahajan et al., 1994; Resnick et al., 1996; Annweiler et al., 2000; Basu et al., 2003; Dennis lāua ʻo Zylstra, 2004; Sota et al., 2006; Hoʻomaka ʻia ka Metabolism e kahi dioxygenase multicomponent [naphthalene dioxygenase (NDO), kahi apo hydroxylating dioxygenase] e hoʻoulu ai i ka oxidation o kekahi o nā apo ʻala o ka naphthalene me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka oxygen molecular ma ke ʻano he substrate ʻē aʻe, e hoʻololi ana i ka naphthalene i cis-naphthalenediol (Kiʻi 3). Hoʻololi ʻia ʻo Cis-dihydrodiol i 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene e kahi dehydrogenase. ʻO kahi dioxygenase e ʻoki ana i ke apo, 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene dioxygenase (12DHNDO), e hoʻololi i ka 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene i ka waikawa 2-hydroxychromene-2-carboxylic. Hoʻopuka ka isomerization cis-trans enzymatic i ka trans-o-hydroxybenzylidenepyruvate, kahi i ʻoki ʻia e ka hydratase aldolase i ka salicylic aldehyde a me ka pyruvate. ʻO ka pyruvate waikawa organik ka hui C3 mua i loaʻa mai ka iwi kalapona naphthalene a kuhikuhi ʻia i loko o ke ala kalapona waena. Eia kekahi, hoʻololi ka salicylaldehyde dehydrogenase e hilinaʻi ana iā NAD+ i ka salicylaldehyde i ka waikawa salicylic. Ua kapa ʻia ka metabolism i kēia pae ʻo "ala kiʻekiʻe" o ka naphthalene degradation. He mea maʻamau loa kēia ala i ka hapa nui o nā bacteria naphthalene-degrading. Eia nō naʻe, aia kekahi mau ʻokoʻa; no ka laʻana, ma ka thermophilic Bacillus hamburgii 2, Hoʻomaka ʻia ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o ka naphthalene e ka naphthalene 2,3-dioxygenase e hana i ka 2,3-dihydroxynaphthalene (Annweiler et al., 2000).
Kiʻi 3. Nā ala o ka naphthalene, methylnaphthalene, naphthoic acid, a me ka carbaryl degradation. Hōʻike nā helu i hoʻopuni ʻia i nā enzymes kuleana no ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka naphthalene a me kāna mau derivatives i nā huahana ma hope. 1 — naphthalene dioxygenase (NDO); 2, cis-dihydrodiol dehydrogenase; 3, 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene dioxygenase; 4, 2-hydroxychromene-2-carboxylic acid isomerase; 5, trans-O-hydroxybenzylidenepyruvate hydratase aldolase; 6, salicylaldehyde dehydrogenase; 7, salicylate 1-hydroxylase; 8, catechol 2,3-dioxygenase (C23DO); 9, 2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde dehydrogenase; 10, 2-oxopent-4-enoate hydratase; 11, 4-hydroxy-2-oxpentanoate aldolase; 12, acetaldehyde dehydrogenase; 13, catechol-1,2-dioxygenase (C12DO); 14, muconate cycloisomerase; 15, muconolactone delta-isomerase; 16, β-ketoadipatenollactone hydrolase; 17, β-ketoadipate succinyl-CoA transferase; 18, β-ketoadipate-CoA thiolase; 19, succinyl-CoA: acetyl-CoA succinyltransferase; 20, salicylate 5-hydroxylase; 21 – gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (GDO); 22, maleylpyruvate isomerase; 23, fumarylpyruvate hydrolase; 24, methylnaphthalene hydroxylase (NDO); 25, hydroxymethylnaphthalene dehydrogenase; 26, naphthaldehyde dehydrogenase; 27, 3-formylsalicylic acid oxidase; 28, hydroxyisophthalate decarboxylase; 29, carbaryl hydrolase (CH); 30, 1-naphthol-2-hydroxylase.
Ma muli o ke kino a me kona ʻano genetic, ua hoʻopili hou ʻia ka waikawa salicylic hopena ma o ke ala catechol me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka salicylate 1-hydroxylase (S1H) a i ʻole ma o ke ala gentisate me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka salicylate 5-hydroxylase (S5H) (Kiʻi 3). ʻOiai ʻo ka waikawa salicylic ka waena nui i ka metabolism naphthalene (ala kiʻekiʻe), ʻo nā ʻanuʻu mai ka waikawa salicylic a i ka waena TCA ua kapa pinepine ʻia ʻo ke ala haʻahaʻa, a ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā genes i loko o hoʻokahi operon. He mea maʻamau ka ʻike ʻana ua hoʻoponopono ʻia nā genes ma ka operon ala kiʻekiʻe (nah) a me ka operon ala haʻahaʻa (sal) e nā mea hoʻoponopono maʻamau; no ka laʻana, hana ʻo NahR a me ka waikawa salicylic ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoulu, e ʻae ana i nā operons ʻelua e hoʻopili loa i ka naphthalene (Phale et al., 2019, 2020).
Eia kekahi, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka catechol i ka 2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde ma o ke ala meta e ka catechol 2,3-dioxygenase (C23DO) (Yen et al., 1988) a ua hydrolyzed hou ʻia e ka 2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde hydrolase e hana i ka 2-hydroxypent-2,4-dienoic acid. A laila ua hoʻololi ʻia ka 2-hydroxypent-2,4-dienoate i pyruvate a me ka acetaldehyde e kahi hydratase (2-oxopent-4-enoate hydratase) a me kahi aldolase (4-hydroxy-2-oxpentanoate aldolase) a laila komo i ke ala kalapona waena (Kiʻi 3). ʻOkoʻa, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka catechol i ka cis,cis-muconate ma o ke ala ortho e ka catechol 1,2-oxygenase (C12DO). ʻO ka Muconate cycloisomerase, muconolactone isomerase, a me β-ketoadipate-nollactone hydrolase e hoʻololi i ka cis,cis-muconate i 3-oxoadipate, kahi e komo ai i ke ala kalapona waena ma o succinyl-CoA a me acetyl-CoA (Nozaki et al., 1968) (Kiʻi 3).
Ma ke ala gentisate (2,5-dihydroxybenzoate), ua ʻoki ʻia ke apo ʻala e ka gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (GDO) e hana i ka maleylpyruvate. Hiki ke hydrolyzed pololei ʻia kēia huahana i pyruvate a me malate, a i ʻole hiki ke isomerized ʻia e hana i ka fumarylpyruvate, a laila hiki ke hydrolyzed ʻia i pyruvate a me fumarate (Larkin lāua ʻo Day, 1986). Ua ʻike ʻia ke koho ʻana o ke ala ʻē aʻe i nā bacteria Gram-negative a me Gram-positive ma nā pae biochemical a me genetic (Morawski et al., 1997; Whyte et al., 1997). Makemake nā bacteria Gram-negative (Pseudomonas) e hoʻohana i ka waikawa salicylic, ʻo ia ka mea hoʻoulu i ka metabolism naphthalene, e decarboxylating iā ia i catechol me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka salicylate 1-hydroxylase (Gibson lāua ʻo Subramanian, 1984). Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, i loko o ka bacteria Gram-positive (Rhodococcus), hoʻololi ka salicylate 5-hydroxylase i ka waikawa salicylic i ka waikawa gentisic, ʻoiai ʻaʻohe hopena inductive o ka waikawa salicylic i ka transcription o nā genes naphthalene (Grund et al., 1992) (Kiʻi 3).
Ua hōʻike ʻia ua hiki i nā ʻano e like me Pseudomonas CSV86, Oceanobacterium NCE312, Marinhomonas naphthotrophicus, Sphingomonas paucimobilis 2322, Vibrio cyclotrophus, Pseudomonas fluorescens LP6a, Pseudomonas a me Mycobacterium ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka monomethylnaphthalene a i ʻole dimethylnaphthalene (Dean-Raymond lāua ʻo Bartha, 1975; Cane lāua ʻo Williams, 1982; Mahajan et al., 1994; Dutta et al., 1998; Hedlund et al., 1999). I waena o lākou, ua aʻo maopopo ʻia ke ala hoʻohaʻahaʻa 1-methylnaphthalene a me 2-methylnaphthalene o Pseudomonas sp. CSV86 ma nā pae biochemical a me enzymatic (Mahajan et al., 1994). Hoʻopili ʻia ka 1-Methylnaphthalene ma o ʻelua mau ala. ʻO ka mea mua, ua hydroxylated ke apo ʻala (ke apo i pani ʻole ʻia o ka methylnaphthalene) e hana i ka cis-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydro-8-methylnaphthalene, kahi i hoʻomake hou ʻia i ka methyl salicylate a me ka methylcatechol, a laila komo i ke ala kalapona waena ma hope o ka ʻoki ʻana o ke apo (Kiʻi 3). Ua kapa ʻia kēia ala ʻo "ala kumu kalapona". Ma ka lua o ka "ala detoxification", hiki ke hydroxylated ka hui methyl e NDO e hana i ka 1-hydroxymethylnaphthalene, kahi i hoʻomake hou ʻia i ka 1-naphthoic acid a hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o ka medium culture ma ke ʻano he huahana make. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina ʻaʻole hiki i ke ʻano CSV86 ke ulu ma ka 1- a me 2-naphthoic acid ma ke ʻano he kumu kalapona a me ka ikehu wale nō, e hōʻoia ana i kona ala detoxification (Mahajan et al., 1994; Basu et al., 2003). I loko o ka 2-methylnaphthalene, hana ka hui methyl i ka hydroxylation e ka hydroxylase e hana i ka 2-hydroxymethylnaphthalene. Eia kekahi, hana ke apo i hoʻololi ʻole ʻia o ke apo naphthalene i ka apo hydroxylation e hana i kahi dihydrodiol, kahi i hoʻopau ʻia i 4-hydroxymethylcatechol i loko o kahi moʻo o nā hopena enzyme-catalyzed a komo i ke ala kalapona waena ma o ke ala cleavage meta-ring. Pēlā nō, ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo S. paucimobilis 2322 e hoʻohana iā NDO e hydroxylate 2-methylnaphthalene, kahi i hoʻopau hou ʻia e hana i ka methyl salicylate a me ka methylcatechol (Dutta et al., 1998).
ʻO nā waikawa Naphthoic (i pani ʻia/i pani ʻole ʻia) he mau huahana detoxification/biotransformation i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka wā o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o ka methylnaphthalene, phenanthrene a me ka anthracene a hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o ka medium culture i hoʻohana ʻia. Ua hōʻike ʻia ua hiki i ka isolate lepo Stenotrophomonas maltophilia CSV89 ke hoʻololi i ka waikawa 1-naphthoic ma ke ʻano he kumu kalapona (Phale et al., 1995). Hoʻomaka ka Metabolism me ka dihydroxylation o ke apo aromatic e hana i ka 1,2-dihydroxy-8-carboxynaphthalene. Hoʻopau ʻia ka diol hopena i catechol ma o 2-hydroxy-3-carboxybenzylidenepyruvate, 3-formylsalicylic acid, 2-hydroxyisophthalic acid a me ka waikawa salicylic a komo i ke ala kalapona waena ma o ke ala cleavage meta-ring (Kiʻi 3).
He pesticide naphthyl carbamate ʻo Carbaryl. Mai ka Green Revolution ma India i nā makahiki 1970, ua alakaʻi ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻouluulu kemika a me nā pesticides i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) mai nā kumu mahiʻai ʻole (Pingali, 2012; Duttagupta et al., 2020). Manaʻo ʻia he 55% (85,722,000 hectares) o ka ʻāina mahiʻai holoʻokoʻa ma India i mālama ʻia me nā pesticides kemika. I nā makahiki ʻelima i hala iho nei (2015–2020), ua hoʻohana ka ʻoihana mahiʻai India i ka awelika o 55,000 a 60,000 tonnes o nā pesticides i kēlā me kēia makahiki (Department of Cooperatives and Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, ʻAukake 2020). Ma nā pāpū ʻākau a me waena o Gangetic (nā mokuʻāina me ka heluna kanaka kiʻekiʻe loa a me ka nui o ka heluna kanaka), ua laha ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pesticides ma nā mea kanu, me nā insecticides e hoʻomalu ana. ʻO Carbaryl (1-naphthyl-N-methylcarbamate) kahi insecticide carbamate ākea, ʻawaʻawa iki a kiʻekiʻe hoʻi i hoʻohana ʻia i ka mahiʻai India ma ka awelika o 100-110 tone. Kūʻai pinepine ʻia ma lalo o ka inoa kālepa ʻo Sevin a hoʻohana ʻia e kāohi i nā pepeke (aphids, fire ant, fleas, mites, spiders a me nā mea ʻino ʻē aʻe o waho) e hoʻopilikia ana i nā ʻano mea kanu like ʻole (maize, soybean, pulupulu, huaʻai a me nā mea kanu). Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kekahi mau microorganisms e like me Pseudomonas (NCIB 12042, 12043, C4, C5, C6, C7, Pseudomonas putida XWY-1), Rhodococcus (NCIB 12038), Sphingobacterium spp. (CF06), Burkholderia (C3), Micrococcus a me Arthrobacter e kāohi i nā mea ʻino ʻē aʻe. Ua hōʻike ʻia hiki i ka RC100 ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka carbaryl (Larkin lāua ʻo Day, 1986; Chapalamadugu lāua ʻo Chaudhry, 1991; Hayatsu et al., 1999; Swetha lāua ʻo Phale, 2005; Trivedi et al., 2017). Ua aʻo nui ʻia ke ala hoʻohaʻahaʻa o ka carbaryl ma nā pae biochemical, enzymatic a me genetic i nā isolates lepo o Pseudomonas sp. Strains C4, C5 a me C6 (Swetha lāua ʻo Phale, 2005; Trivedi et al., 2016) (Kiʻi 3). Hoʻomaka ke ala metabolic me ka hydrolysis o ka pilina ester e ka carbaryl hydrolase (CH) e hana i ka 1-naphthol, methylamine a me ke kalapona dioxide. A laila hoʻololi ʻia ʻo 1-naphthol i 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene e 1-naphthol hydroxylase (1-NH), kahi i hoʻololi hou ʻia ma o ke ala kalapona waena ma o salicylate a me gentisate. Ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau bacteria carbaryl-degrading e hoʻololi iā ia i ka waikawa salicylic ma o ka ʻoki ʻana o ke apo catechol ortho (Larkin lāua ʻo Day, 1986; Chapalamadugu lāua ʻo Chaudhry, 1991). ʻO ka mea nui, ʻo ka bacteria naphthalene-degrading e hoʻololi mua i ka waikawa salicylic ma o catechol, ʻoiai ʻo ka bacteria carbaryl-degrading makemake e hoʻololi i ka waikawa salicylic ma o ke ala gentisate.
Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā derivatives o ka naphthalenesulfonic acid/disulfonic acid a me nā naphthylaminessulfonic acid ma ke ʻano he mau waena i ka hana ʻana o nā dyes azo, nā mea hoʻomaʻū, nā mea hoʻolaha, a pēlā aku. ʻOiai he haʻahaʻa ka ʻawaʻawa o kēia mau hui i nā kānaka, ua hōʻike nā loiloi cytotoxicity he make lākou i ka iʻa, daphnia a me ka algae (Greim et al., 1994). Ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻelele o ka genus Pseudomonas (nā ʻano A3, C22) e hoʻomaka i ka metabolism ma o ka hydroxylation pālua o ke apo ʻala e loaʻa ana ka hui sulfonic acid e hana i kahi dihydrodiol, kahi i hoʻololi hou ʻia i 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene ma o ka ʻoki ʻana o ka hui sulfite (Brilon et al., 1981). ʻO ka hopena 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene ua catabolized ma o ke ala naphthalene maʻamau, ʻo ia hoʻi, ke ala catechol a i ʻole gentisate (Kiʻi 4). Ua hōʻike ʻia e hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa loa ʻia ka waikawa aminonaphthalenesulfonic a me ka waikawa hydroxynaphthalenesulfonic e ka hui bacteria i hui pū ʻia me nā ala catabolic complementary (Nortemann et al., 1986). Ua hōʻike ʻia e hoʻokaʻawale kekahi lālā o ka hui i ka waikawa aminonaphthalenesulfonic a i ʻole ka waikawa hydroxynaphthalenesulfonic e ka 1,2-dioxygenation, ʻoiai ʻo aminosalicylate a i ʻole hydroxysalicylate e hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o ka medium culture ma ke ʻano he metabolite make a lawe ʻia e nā lālā ʻē aʻe o ka hui. He polar ka waikawa Naphthalenedisulfonic akā biodegradable maikaʻi ʻole a no laila hiki ke metabolized ma o nā ala like ʻole. Hana ʻia ka desulfurization mua i ka wā o ka regioselective dihydroxylation o ke apo aromatic a me ka hui waikawa sulfonic; ʻO ka lua o ka desulfurization e hana ʻia i ka wā o ka hydroxylation o ka 5-sulfosalicylic acid e ka salicylic acid 5-hydroxylase e hana i ka gentisic acid, kahi e komo ai i ke ala kalapona waena (Brilon et al., 1981) (Kiʻi 4). ʻO nā enzymes e kuleana no ka naphthalene degradation ke kuleana pū kekahi no ka metabolism naphthalene sulfonate (Brilon et al., 1981; Keck et al., 2006).
Kiʻi 4. Nā ala metabolic no ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o ka naphthalene sulfonate. Hōʻike nā helu i loko o nā pōʻai i nā enzymes kuleana no ka metabolism naphthyl sulfonate, like/like me nā enzymes i wehewehe ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 3.
ʻO nā PAH kaumaha molekala haʻahaʻa (LMW-PAHs) he hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia, hydrophobic a me ka hoʻoheheʻe maikaʻi ʻole, a no laila ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia i ka wāwahi/degradation kūlohelohe. Eia nō naʻe, hiki i nā microorganism aerobic ke hoʻopau iā ia ma o ka omo ʻana i ka oxygen molekala (O2). No kēia mau enzymes ka papa o oxidoreductases a hiki ke hana i nā ʻano hana like ʻole e like me ka aromatic ring hydroxylation (mono- a i ʻole dihydroxylation), dehydrogenation a me ka cleavage aromatic ring. ʻO nā huahana i loaʻa mai kēia mau hana aia i kahi mokuʻāina oxidation kiʻekiʻe a ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka metabolized ma o ke ala kalapona waena (Phale et al., 2020). Ua hōʻike ʻia nā enzymes i ke ala degradation he inducible. He haʻahaʻa loa a liʻiliʻi paha ka hana o kēia mau enzymes ke ulu ʻia nā cell ma nā kumu kalapona maʻalahi e like me ka glucose a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​waikawa organik. Hōʻuluʻulu ka Papa 3 i nā ʻano enzymes like ʻole (oxygenases, hydrolases, dehydrogenases, oxidases, etc.) i komo i ka metabolism o ka naphthalene a me kāna mau derivatives.
Papa 3. Nā ʻano biochemical o nā enzymes nāna e kuleana no ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o ka naphthalene a me kāna mau mea i loaʻa.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina Radioisotope (18O2) ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka molekala O2 i loko o nā apo ʻala e nā oxygenases ka hana nui loa i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka biodegradation hou aʻe o kahi hui (Hayaishi et al., 1955; Mason et al., 1955). ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o hoʻokahi ʻātoma oxygen (O) mai ka oxygen molekala (O2) i loko o ka substrate e hoʻomaka ʻia e nā monooxygenases endogenous a exogenous paha (i kapa ʻia hoʻi he hydroxylases). Hoʻemi ʻia kekahi ʻātoma oxygen i ka wai. Hoʻemi nā monooxygenases exogenous i ka flavin me NADH a i ʻole NADPH, ʻoiai ma nā endomonooxygenases ua hoʻemi ʻia ka flavin e ka substrate. ʻO ke kūlana o ka hydroxylation ka hopena i ka ʻokoʻa o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka huahana. No ka laʻana, salicylate 1-hydroxylase hydroxylates salicylic acid ma ke kūlana C1, e hana ana i ka catechol. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka multicomponent salicylate 5-hydroxylase (e loaʻa ana ka reductase, ferredoxin, a me nā subunits oxygenase) hydroxylates salicylic acid ma ke kūlana C5, e hana ana i ka gentisic acid (Yamamoto et al., 1965).
Hoʻokomo nā dioxygenases i ʻelua mau ʻātoma O2 i loko o ka substrate. Ma muli o nā huahana i hana ʻia, ua māhele ʻia lākou i nā dioxygenases apo hydroxylating a me nā dioxygenases apo cleaving. Hoʻololi nā dioxygenases apo hydroxylating i nā substrates aromatic i cis-dihydrodiols (e laʻa, naphthalene) a ua laha nui i waena o nā bacteria. A hiki i kēia lā, ua hōʻike ʻia e hiki i nā meaola e loaʻa ana nā dioxygenases apo hydroxylating ke ulu ma nā kumu kalapona aromatic like ʻole, a ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēia mau enzymes ʻo NDO (naphthalene), toluene dioxygenase (TDO, toluene), a me biphenyl dioxygenase (BPDO, biphenyl). Hiki iā NDO a me BPDO ke hoʻoulu i ka oxidation pālua a me ka hydroxylation kaulahao ʻaoʻao o nā hydrocarbons aromatic polycyclic like ʻole (toluene, nitrotoluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, naphthalene, biphenyl, fluorene, indole, methylnaphthalene, naphthalenesulfonate, phenanthrene, anthracene, acetophenone, etc.) (Boyd lāua ʻo Sheldrake, 1998; Phale et al., 2020). He ʻōnaehana multicomponent ʻo NDO i haku ʻia me kahi oxidoreductase, kahi ferredoxin, a me kahi ʻāpana oxygenase i loaʻa kahi hana (Gibson lāua ʻo Subramanian, 1984; Resnick et al., 1996). ʻO ka ʻāpana catalytic o NDO he subunit α nui a me kahi subunit β liʻiliʻi i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i loko o kahi hoʻonohonoho α3β3. No loko o kahi ʻohana nui o nā oxygenases ka NDO a aia i loko o kāna α-subunit kahi Rieske site [2Fe-2S] a me kahi hao mononuclear non-heme, ka mea e hoʻoholo ai i ke ʻano substrate o NDO (Parales et al., 1998). ʻO ka maʻamau, i loko o hoʻokahi pōʻaiapuni catalytic, ʻelua mau electrons mai ka hōʻemi ʻana o ka pyridine nucleotide e hoʻoili ʻia i ka ion Fe (II) ma ka pūnaewele hana ma o ka reductase, kahi ferredoxin a me kahi Rieske. Hoʻāla nā mea like e hōʻemi ana i ka oxygen molekala, ʻo ia kahi mea e pono ai no ka dihydroxylation substrate (Ferraro et al., 2005). A hiki i kēia lā, ua hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia a wehewehe ʻia nā NDO he kakaikahi wale nō mai nā ʻano like ʻole a ua aʻo ʻia ka mana genetic o nā ala i komo i ka naphthalene degradation (Resnick et al., 1996; Parales et al., 1998; Karlsson et al., 2003). Hana nā dioxygenases apo-cleaving (nā enzymes endo- a i ʻole ortho-ring-cleaving a me nā enzymes exodiol- a i ʻole meta-ring-cleaving) ma nā hui aromatic hydroxylated. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka ortho-ring-cleaving dioxygenase he catechol-1,2-dioxygenase, ʻoiai ʻo ka meta-ring-cleaving dioxygenase he catechol-2,3-dioxygenase (Kojima et al., 1961; Nozaki et al., 1968). Ma waho aʻe o nā oxygenases like ʻole, aia kekahi mau dehydrogenases like ʻole e kuleana no ka dehydrogenation o nā dihydrodiols aromatic, nā alcohols a me nā aldehydes a me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā NAD+/NADP+ ma ke ʻano he mau mea hoʻokipa electron, ʻo ia kekahi o nā enzymes koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka metabolism (Gibson lāua ʻo Subramanian, 1984; Shaw lāua ʻo Harayama, 1990; Fahle et al., 2020).
ʻO nā enzymes e like me nā hydrolases (esterases, amidases) kahi papa koʻikoʻi ʻelua o nā enzymes e hoʻohana ana i ka wai e ʻoki i nā pilina covalent a hōʻike i ka substrate specificity ākea. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo Carbaryl hydrolase a me nā hydrolases ʻē aʻe he mau ʻāpana o ka periplasm (transmembrane) i nā lālā o ka bacteria Gram-negative (Kamini et al., 2018). Loaʻa iā Carbaryl kahi amide a me kahi ester linkage; no laila, hiki ke hydrolyzed ʻia e ka esterase a i ʻole amidase e hana i ka 1-naphthol. Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo Carbaryl ma Rhizobium rhizobium strain AC10023 a me Arthrobacter strain RC100 e hana ma ke ʻano he esterase a me amidase, kēlā me kēia. Hana pū ʻo Carbaryl ma Arthrobacter strain RC100 ma ke ʻano he amidase. Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo RC100 e hydrolyze i ʻehā mau insecticides papa N-methylcarbamate e like me carbaryl, methomyl, mefenamic acid a me XMC (Hayaatsu et al., 2001). Ua hōʻike ʻia ua hiki iā CH ma Pseudomonas sp. C5pp ke hana ma ka carbaryl (100% hana) a me ka 1-naphthyl acetate (36% hana), akā ʻaʻole ma ka 1-naphthylacetamide, e hōʻike ana he esterase ia (Trivedi et al., 2016).
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina biochemical, nā ʻano hoʻoponopono enzyme, a me ka nānā ʻana i ka genetic e loaʻa ana i nā genes degradation naphthalene ʻelua mau ʻāpana hoʻoponopono inducible a i ʻole "operons": nah (ke "ala uka", e hoʻololi ana i ka naphthalene i ka waikawa salicylic) a me sal (ke "ala uka", e hoʻololi ana i ka waikawa salicylic i ke ala kalapona waena ma o catechol). Hiki i ka waikawa Salicylic a me kona mau analogues ke hana ma ke ʻano he inducers (Shamsuzzaman lāua ʻo Barnsley, 1974). I ke alo o ka glucose a i ʻole nā ​​​​waikawa organik, ua kāohi ʻia ka operon. Hōʻike ka Kiʻi 5 i ka hoʻonohonoho genetic piha o ka degradation naphthalene (ma ke ʻano operon). Ua wehewehe ʻia kekahi mau ʻano/ʻano i kapa ʻia o ka gene nah (ndo/pah/dox) a ua ʻike ʻia he homology kiʻekiʻe (90%) ma waena o nā ʻano Pseudomonas āpau (Abbasian et al., 2016). Ua hoʻonohonoho maʻamau ʻia nā genes o ke ala uka naphthalene ma ke ʻano he ʻaelike e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 5A. Ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi gene ʻē aʻe, ʻo nahQ, e pili ana i ka metabolism naphthalene a aia ma waena o nahC a me nahE, akā ʻaʻole i wehewehe ʻia kāna hana maoli. Pēlā nō, ua loaʻa ka gene nahY, nona ke kuleana no ka chemotaxis naphthalene-sensitive, ma ka hopena distal o ka nah operon i kekahi mau lālā. Ma Ralstonia sp., ua ʻike ʻia ka gene U2 e hoʻopili ana i ka glutathione S-transferase (gsh) aia ma waena o nahAa a me nahAb akā ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia i nā ʻano hoʻohana naphthalene (Zylstra et al., 1997).
Kiʻi 5. Ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka genetic a me ke ʻano like ʻole i ʻike ʻia i ka wā o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o ka naphthalene i waena o nā ʻano bacteria; (A) Ke ala naphthalene o luna, ka metabolism o ka naphthalene i ka waikawa salicylic; (B) Ke ala naphthalene o lalo, ka waikawa salicylic ma o ka catechol i ke ala kalapona waena; (C) ka waikawa salicylic ma o ka gentisate i ke ala kalapona waena.
ʻO ke "ala haʻahaʻa" (sal operon) maʻamau he nahGTHINLMOKJ a hoʻololi i ka salicylate i pyruvate a me ka acetaldehyde ma o ke ala cleavage catechol metaring. Ua ʻike ʻia ua mālama ʻia ka gene nahG (encoding salicylate hydroxylase) ma ka hopena proximal o ka operon (Kiʻi 5B). Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻano naphthalene-degrading ʻē aʻe, ma P. putida CSV86 he tandem nā nah a me sal operons a pili loa (ma kahi o 7.5 kb). I loko o kekahi mau bacteria Gram-negative, e like me Ralstonia sp. U2, Polaromonas naphthalenivorans CJ2, a me P. putida AK5, ua metabolized ka naphthalene ma ke ʻano he metabolite kalapona waena ma o ke ala gentisate (ma ke ʻano o ka sgp/nag operon). Hoʻohālikelike pinepine ʻia ka cassette gene ma ke ʻano nagAaGHAbAcAdBFCQEDJI, kahi i loaʻa ai ka nagR (e hoʻopili ana i kahi mea hoʻoponopono ʻano LysR) ma ka ʻaoʻao o luna (Kiʻi 5C).
Komo ʻo Carbaryl i ke kaʻapuni kalapona waena ma o ka metabolism o 1-naphthol, 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene, salicylic acid, a me ka gentisic acid (Kiʻi 3). Ma muli o nā haʻawina genetic a me metabolic, ua manaʻo ʻia e hoʻokaʻawale i kēia ala i "upstream" (hoʻololi ʻana o ka carbaryl i ka salicylic acid), "waena" (hoʻololi ʻana o ka salicylic acid i ka gentisic acid), a me "downstream" (hoʻololi ʻana o ka gentisic acid i nā waena o ke ala kalapona waena) (Singh et al., 2013). Ua hōʻike ka loiloi genomic o C5pp (supercontig A, 76.3 kb) ua pili ka gene mcbACBDEF i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka carbaryl i ka waikawa salicylic, a ukali ʻia e mcbIJKL i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka waikawa salicylic i ka waikawa gentisic, a me mcbOQP i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka waikawa gentisic i nā waena kalapona waena (fumarate a me pyruvate, Trivedi et al., 2016) (Kiʻi 6).
Ua hōʻike ʻia e hiki ke hoʻoulu ʻia nā enzymes i komo i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o nā hydrocarbons aromatic (me ka naphthalene a me ka waikawa salicylic) e nā hui like a kāohi ʻia e nā kumu kalapona maʻalahi e like me ka glucose a i ʻole nā ​​​​waikawa organik (Shingler, 2003; Phale et al., 2019, 2020). Ma waena o nā ala metabolic like ʻole o ka naphthalene a me kāna mau derivatives, ua aʻo ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻoponopono o ka naphthalene a me ka carbaryl i kekahi ʻano. No ka naphthalene, hoʻoponopono ʻia nā genes ma nā ala ʻelua ma luna a ma lalo e NahR, kahi mea hoʻoponopono maikaʻi trans-acting ʻano LysR. Pono ia no ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka gene nah e ka waikawa salicylic a me kāna hōʻike kiʻekiʻe ma hope (Yen lāua ʻo Gunsalus, 1982). Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike nā haʻawina he mea koʻikoʻi hoʻi ka integrative host factor (IHF) a me XylR (sigma 54-dependent transcriptional regulator) no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka transcriptional o nā genes i ka metabolism naphthalene (Ramos et al., 1997). Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina ua hoʻoulu ʻia nā enzymes o ke ala wehe catechol meta-ring, ʻo ia hoʻi ka catechol 2,3-dioxygenase, i ke alo o ka naphthalene a/a i ʻole ka waikawa salicylic (Basu et al., 2006). Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina ua hoʻoulu ʻia nā enzymes o ke ala wehe catechol ortho-ring, ʻo ia hoʻi ka catechol 1,2-dioxygenase, i ke alo o ka waikawa benzoic a me cis,cis-muconate (Parsek et al., 1994; Tover et al., 2001).
Ma ke ʻano C5pp, ʻelima mau genes, ʻo mcbG, mcbH, mcbN, mcbR a me mcbS, e hoʻopili i nā mea hoʻoponopono e pili ana i ka ʻohana LysR/TetR o nā mea hoʻoponopono transcriptional kuleana no ka kaohi ʻana i ka carbaryl degradation. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ka gene homologous mcbG e pili loa ana i ka mea hoʻoponopono LysR-type PhnS (58% amino acid identity) i komo i ka metabolism phenanthrene ma Burkholderia RP00725 (Trivedi et al., 2016). Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ka gene mcbH e komo ana i ke ala waena (ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka waikawa salicylic i ka waikawa gentisic) a no ka mea hoʻoponopono transcriptional LysR-type NagR/DntR/NahR ma Pseudomonas a me Burkholderia. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā lālā o kēia ʻohana e ʻike i ka waikawa salicylic ma ke ʻano he mole effector kikoʻī no ka hoʻoulu ʻana o nā genes degradation. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻekolu mau genes, mcbN, mcbR a me mcbS, no nā mea hoʻoponopono transcriptional ʻano LysR a me TetR, ua ʻike ʻia ma ke ala ma lalo (gentisate-central carbon pathway metabolites).
I loko o nā prokaryotes, ʻo nā kaʻina hana hoʻoili gene ākea (loaʻa, hoʻololi, a hoʻoili paha) ma o nā plasmids, transposons, prophages, nā mokupuni genomic, a me nā mea hoʻohui hoʻohui (ICE) nā kumu nui o ka plasticity i loko o nā genomes bacteria, e alakaʻi ana i ka loaʻa a i ʻole ka nalowale ʻana o nā hana / ʻano kikoʻī. ʻAe ia i ka bacteria e hoʻololi koke i nā kūlana kaiapuni like ʻole, e hāʻawi ana i nā pono metabolic adaptive hiki i ka host, e like me ka hōʻino ʻana o nā hui aromatic. Hoʻokō pinepine ʻia nā loli metabolic ma o ka hoʻoponopono maikaʻi ʻana o nā operons degradation, kā lākou mau ʻano hoʻoponopono, a me nā ʻano enzyme, kahi e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ai i ka hōʻino ʻana o kahi ākea o nā hui aromatic (Nojiri et al., 2004; Phale et al., 2019, 2020). Ua ʻike ʻia nā cassettes gene no ka hōʻino ʻana o ka naphthalene ma nā ʻano mea kelepona like ʻole e like me nā plasmids (conjugative a me non-conjugative), transposons, genomes, ICEs, a me nā hui pū ʻana o nā ʻano bacteria like ʻole (Kiʻi 5). Ma Pseudomonas G7, ua kākau ʻia nā operons nah a me sal o ka plasmid NAH7 ma ke ʻano like a he ʻāpana ia o kahi transposon kīnā e pono ai ka transposase Tn4653 no ka mobilization (Sota et al., 2006). Ma ke ʻano Pseudomonas NCIB9816-4, ua loaʻa ka gene ma ka plasmid conjugative pDTG1 ma ke ʻano he ʻelua operons (ma kahi o 15 kb ke kaʻawale) i kākau ʻia ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe (Dennis lāua ʻo Zylstra, 2004). Ma ke ʻano Pseudomonas putida AK5, hoʻopili ka plasmid non-conjugative pAK5 i ka enzyme kuleana no ka naphthalene degradation ma o ke ala gentisate (Izmalkova et al., 2013). I loko o ka Pseudomonas strain PMD-1, aia ka nah operon ma ka chromosome, ʻoiai aia ka sal operon ma ka conjugative plasmid pMWD-1 (Zuniga et al., 1981). Eia nō naʻe, i loko o Pseudomonas stutzeri AN10, aia nā genes degradation naphthalene āpau (nah a me sal operons) ma ka chromosome a ua manaʻo ʻia ua hoʻoulu ʻia ma o ka transposition, recombination, a me nā hanana hoʻonohonoho hou (Bosch et al., 2000). I loko o Pseudomonas sp. CSV86, aia nā nah a me sal operons i loko o ka genome ma ke ʻano o ICE (ICECSV86). Ua pale ʻia ke ʻano e tRNAGly a ukali ʻia e nā hana hou pololei e hōʻike ana i nā wahi recombination/attachment (attR a me attL) a me kahi phage-like integrase i loaʻa ma nā wēlau ʻelua o tRNAGly, no laila ua like ke ʻano me ka element ICEclc (ICEclcB13 ma Pseudomonas knackmusii no ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o ka chlorocatechol). Ua hōʻike ʻia hiki ke hoʻoili ʻia nā genes ma ICE ma o ka conjugation me kahi alapine hoʻoili haʻahaʻa loa (10-8), no laila e hoʻoili ana i nā waiwai hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka mea loaʻa (Basu lāua ʻo Phale, 2008; Phale et al., 2019).
Aia ka hapa nui o nā genes kuleana no ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o ka carbaryl ma nā plasmids. Loaʻa iā Arthrobacter sp. RC100 ʻekolu plasmids (pRC1, pRC2 a me pRC300) nona ʻelua mau plasmids conjugative, ʻo pRC1 a me pRC2, e hoʻopili i nā enzymes e hoʻololi i ka carbaryl i gentisate. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, aia nā enzymes i komo i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka gentisate i nā metabolites kalapona waena ma ka chromosome (Hayaatsu et al., 1999). ʻO ka bacteria o ka genus Rhizobium. ʻO ka strain AC100, i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka carbaryl i 1-naphthol, aia ka plasmid pAC200, kahi e lawe ana i ka gene cehA e hoʻopili ana iā CH ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ka transposon Tnceh i hoʻopuni ʻia e nā moʻo element-like insertion (istA a me istB) (Hashimoto et al., 2002). Ma ke ʻano Sphingomonas CF06, ua manaʻo ʻia aia ka gene degradation carbaryl i loko o ʻelima plasmids: pCF01, pCF02, pCF03, pCF04, a me pCF05. Kiʻekiʻe ka homology DNA o kēia mau plasmids, e hōʻike ana i ke ola ʻana o kahi hanana pālua gene (Feng et al., 1997). Ma kahi symbiont degrading carbaryl i haku ʻia me ʻelua ʻano Pseudomonas, aia ka strain 50581 i kahi plasmid conjugative pCD1 (50 kb) e hoʻopili ana i ka gene mcd carbaryl hydrolase, ʻoiai ʻo ka plasmid conjugative ma ke ʻano 50552 e hoʻopili ana i kahi enzyme 1-naphthol-degrading (Chapalamadugu lāua ʻo Chaudhry, 1991). Ma ke ʻano Achromobacter WM111, aia ka gene mcd furadan hydrolase ma kahi plasmid 100 kb (pPDL11). Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia gene ma nā plasmid like ʻole (100, 105, 115 a i ʻole 124 kb) i nā bacteria like ʻole mai nā wahi ʻāina like ʻole (Parekh et al., 1995). Ma Pseudomonas sp. C5pp, aia nā genes āpau i kuleana no ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o ka carbaryl i loko o kahi genome e uhi ana i 76.3 kb o ke kaʻina (Trivedi et al., 2016). Ua hōʻike ka loiloi genome (6.15 Mb) i ke alo o 42 MGEs a ​​me 36 GEIs, nona ka 17 MGEs i loaʻa i ka supercontig A (76.3 kb) me ka awelika asymmetric G+C content (54–60 mol%), e hōʻike ana i nā hanana hoʻoili gene horizontal hiki (Trivedi et al., 2016). Hōʻike ʻo P. putida XWY-1 i kahi hoʻonohonoho like o nā genes carbaryl-degrading, akā aia kēia mau genes ma kahi plasmid (Zhu et al., 2019).
Ma waho aʻe o ka pono metabolic ma nā pae biochemical a me genomic, hōʻike pū nā microorganism i nā waiwai a i ʻole nā ​​​​pane ʻē aʻe e like me chemotaxis, nā waiwai hoʻololi ʻili cell, compartmentalization, preferential utilization, biosurfactant production, etc., e kōkua iā lākou e hoʻopili pono i nā mea haumia aromatic i nā wahi haumia (Kiʻi 7).
Kiʻi 7. Nā hoʻolālā pane cellular like ʻole o nā bacteria hoʻohaʻahaʻa hydrocarbon ʻala maikaʻi loa no ka biodegradation kūpono o nā hui haumia haole.
Ua manaʻo ʻia nā pane Chemotactic he mau mea e hoʻonui ai i ka hōʻino ʻana o nā mea haumia organik i nā ʻōnaehana haumia heterogeneously. (2002) ua hōʻike ʻia ua hoʻonui ka chemotaxis o Pseudomonas sp. G7 i ka naphthalene i ka wikiwiki o ka hōʻino ʻana o ka naphthalene i loko o nā ʻōnaehana wai. Ua hōʻino ka ʻano hihiu G7 i ka naphthalene ma mua o kahi ʻano mutant chemotaxis-deficient. Ua ʻike ʻia ua hoʻopili pū ʻia ka protein NahY (538 mau waikawa amino me ka topology membrane) me nā genes ala metacleavage ma ka plasmid NAH7, a e like me nā transducers chemotaxis, ʻike ʻia kēia protein e hana ma ke ʻano he chemoreceptor no ka hōʻino ʻana o ka naphthalene (Grimm lāua ʻo Harwood 1997). Ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi noiʻi e Hansel et al. (2009) he chemotactic ka protein, akā kiʻekiʻe kona helu hōʻino. (2011) i hōʻike i kahi pane chemotactic o Pseudomonas (P. putida) i ka naphthalene gaseous, kahi i hopena ai ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ke kinoea i kahi kahe mau o ka naphthalene i nā cell, nāna i kāohi i ka pane chemotactic o nā cell. Ua hoʻohana nā mea noiʻi i kēia ʻano chemotactic e hana i nā microbes e hoʻonui i ka wikiwiki o ka hōʻino ʻana. Ua hōʻike nā haʻawina e hoʻoponopono pū nā ala chemosensory i nā hana cellular ʻē aʻe e like me ka mahele cell, ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ke kaʻina hana cell, a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o biofilm, no laila e kōkua ana i ka kāohi ʻana i ka wikiwiki o ka hōʻino ʻana. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia waiwai (chemotaxis) no ka hōʻino maikaʻi ʻana ua keakea ʻia e kekahi mau bottlenecks. ʻO nā pilikia nui: (a) ʻike nā receptors paralogous like ʻole i nā hui like / ligands; (b) ke ola ʻana o nā receptors ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka tropism ikaika; (c) nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi o ke kaʻina ma nā ʻāpana sensory o ka ʻohana receptor like; a me (d) nele o ka ʻike ma nā protein sensor bacteria nui (Ortega et al., 2017; Martin-Mora et al., 2018). I kekahi manawa, ʻo ka biodegradation o nā hydrocarbons aromatic e hana i nā metabolites/intermediates he nui, hiki ke chemotactic no kekahi hui o nā bacteria akā hoʻopailua no nā mea ʻē aʻe, e hoʻopilikia hou ana i ke kaʻina hana. No ka ʻike ʻana i nā pilina o nā ligands (aromatic hydrocarbons) me nā mea loaʻa kemika, ua kūkulu mākou i nā protein sensor hybrid (PcaY, McfR, a me NahY) ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā kikowaena sensor a me nā hōʻailona o Pseudomonas putida lāua ʻo Escherichia coli, kahi e kuhikuhi ana i nā mea loaʻa no nā waikawa aromatic, nā waena TCA, a me ka naphthalene, kēlā me kēia (Luu et al., 2019).
Ma lalo o ka mana o ka naphthalene a me nā polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) ʻē aʻe, ke loli nui nei ke ʻano o ka membrane bacteria a me ke kūpaʻa o nā microorganism. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina e hoʻopilikia ka naphthalene i ka launa pū ʻana o ke kaulahao acyl ma o nā pilina hydrophobic, no laila e hoʻonui ai i ka pehu a me ke kahe o ka membrane (Sikkema et al., 1995). No ke kūʻē ʻana i kēia hopena maikaʻi ʻole, hoʻoponopono ka bacteria i ke kahe o ka membrane ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka lakio a me ka haku mele momona ma waena o nā waikawa momona branched-chain iso/anteiso a me ka isomerizing cis-unsaturated fatty acids i loko o nā trans-isomers like (Heipieper lāua ʻo de Bont, 1994). Ma Pseudomonas stutzeri i ulu ʻia ma ka mālama ʻana o ka naphthalene, ua piʻi ka lakio saturated i unsaturated fatty acid mai 1.1 a i 2.1, ʻoiai ma Pseudomonas JS150 ua piʻi kēia lakio mai 7.5 a i 12.0 (Mrozik et al., 2004). I ka wā i ulu ʻia ai ma luna o ka naphthalene, ua hōʻike nā pūnaewele Achromobacter KAs 3-5 i ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana o nā pūnaewele a puni nā kristal naphthalene a me ka emi ʻana o ka uku ʻili o ke kelepona (mai -22.5 a i -2.5 mV) i hele pū ʻia me ka cytoplasmic condensation a me ka vacuolization, e hōʻike ana i nā loli i ke ʻano o ke kelepona a me nā waiwai o ka ʻili o ke kelepona (Mohapatra et al., 2019). ʻOiai ua pili pono nā loli o ke kelepona/ʻili me ka lawe ʻana i nā mea haumia ʻala, ʻaʻole i hoʻomaikaʻi pono ʻia nā hoʻolālā bioengineering pili. ʻAʻole i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka hoʻopunipuni ʻana i ke ʻano o ke kelepona e hoʻomaikaʻi i nā kaʻina hana olaola (Volke lāua ʻo Nikel, 2018). ʻO ka holoi ʻana i nā genes e pili ana i ka mahele ʻana o ke kelepona ke kumu o nā loli i ke ʻano o ke kelepona. ʻO ka holoi ʻana i nā genes e pili ana i ka mahele ʻana o ke kelepona ke kumu o nā loli i ke ʻano o ke kelepona. Ma Bacillus subtilis, ua hōʻike ʻia ka protein septum kelepona ʻo SepF e pili ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka septum a pono ia no nā ʻanuʻu ma hope o ka mahele ʻana o ke kelepona, akā ʻaʻole ia he gene koʻikoʻi. ʻO ka holoi ʻana i nā genes e hoʻopili ana i nā peptide glycan hydrolases ma Bacillus subtilis i hopena i ka hoʻolōʻihi ʻana o ke kelepona, hoʻonui i ka wikiwiki o ka ulu ʻana, a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hiki ke hana enzyme (Cui et al., 2018).
Ua manaʻo ʻia ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ke ala hoʻohaʻahaʻa carbaryl e hoʻokō i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa maikaʻi ʻana o nā ʻano Pseudomonas C5pp a me C7 (Kamini et al., 2018). Ua manaʻo ʻia e lawe ʻia ka carbaryl i loko o ka wahi periplasmic ma o ka septum membrane waho a/a i ʻole ma o nā porins diffusible. ʻO CH kahi enzyme periplasmic e hoʻoulu ai i ka hydrolysis o ka carbaryl i 1-naphthol, ʻoi aku ka paʻa, ʻoi aku ka hydrophobic a ʻoi aku ka ʻawaʻawa. Aia ʻo CH ma ka periplasm a he haʻahaʻa kona pilina no ka carbaryl, no laila e kaohi ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o 1-naphthol, no laila e pale ana i kona hōʻiliʻili ʻana i loko o nā cell a me ka hoʻemi ʻana i kona ʻawaʻawa i nā cell (Kamini et al., 2018). ʻO ka hopena 1-naphthol e lawe ʻia i loko o ka cytoplasm ma waena o ka membrane o loko ma o ka māhele ʻana a/a i ʻole ka diffusion, a laila hydroxylated i 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene e ka enzyme high-affinity 1NH no ka metabolism hou aʻe ma ke ala kalapona waena.
ʻOiai he mau hiki i nā microorganism ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā kumu kalapona xenobiotic, ʻo ke ʻano hierarchical o kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana (ʻo ia hoʻi, ka hoʻohana makemake ʻana i nā kumu kalapona maʻalahi ma mua o ka paʻakikī) he mea keakea nui ia i ka biodegradation. ʻO ke alo a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumu kalapona maʻalahi e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā genes e hoʻopili ana i nā enzymes e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā kumu kalapona paʻakikī/makemake ʻole ʻia e like me PAHs. ʻO kahi laʻana i aʻo maikaʻi ʻia, ʻo ia ka wā e hānai pū ʻia ai ka glucose a me ka lactose iā Escherichia coli, hoʻohana ʻia ka glucose me ka ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka lactose (Jacob lāua ʻo Monod, 1965). Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo Pseudomonas e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā ʻano PAHs a me nā hui xenobiotic ma ke ʻano he kumu kalapona. ʻO ka hierarchy o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kumu kalapona ma Pseudomonas he mau waikawa organik > glucose > nā hui aromatic (Hylemon lāua ʻo Phibbs, 1972; Collier et al., 1996). Eia nō naʻe, aia kahi ʻokoʻa. ʻO ka mea hoihoi, ʻo Pseudomonas sp. Hōʻike ʻo CSV86 i kahi ʻano hierarchical kū hoʻokahi e hoʻohana pono ana i nā hydrocarbons aromatic (benzoic acid, naphthalene, etc.) ma mua o ka glucose a hui pū i nā hydrocarbons aromatic me nā waikawa organik (Basu et al., 2006). I loko o kēia bacteria, ʻaʻole i hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia nā genes no ka degradation a me ka lawe ʻana o nā hydrocarbons aromatic ʻoiai ke alo o kahi kumu kalapona ʻelua e like me ka glucose a i ʻole nā ​​​​waikawa organik. I ka wā i ulu ai i loko o ka glucose a me ka aromatic hydrocarbons medium, ua ʻike ʻia ua hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia nā genes no ka lawe ʻana a me ka metabolism glucose, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā hydrocarbons aromatic i ka pae log mua, a ua hoʻohana ʻia ka glucose i ka pae log ʻelua (Basu et al., 2006; Choudhary et al., 2017). Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia ka loaʻa ʻana o nā waikawa organik i ka hōʻike ʻana o ka metabolism hydrocarbon aromatic, no laila ua manaʻo ʻia kēia bacteria he ʻano moho no nā haʻawina biodegradation (Phale et al., 2020).
Ua ʻike maopopo ʻia hiki i ka biotransformation hydrocarbon ke hoʻoulu i ke kaumaha oxidative a me ka hoʻonui ʻana o nā enzymes antioxidant i loko o nā microorganism. ʻO ka biodegradation naphthalene i kūpono ʻole i loko o nā cell phase stationary a i ke alo o nā pūhui ʻawahia e alakaʻi ai i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Kang et al. 2006). ʻOiai ʻo nā enzymes naphthalene-degrading e loaʻa nā hui hao-sulfur, ma lalo o ke kaumaha oxidative, e oxidized ka hao i loko o ka heme a me nā protein hao-sulfur, e alakaʻi ana i ka inactivation protein. ʻO Ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase (Fpr), me ka superoxide dismutase (SOD), e hoʻopili i ka hopena redox reversible ma waena o NADP+/NADPH a me ʻelua mau molekala o ferredoxin a i ʻole flavodoxin, no laila e scavenging ROS a hoʻihoʻi i ke kikowaena hao-sulfur ma lalo o ke kaumaha oxidative (Li et al. 2006). Ua hōʻike ʻia ua hiki ke hoʻoulu ʻia ʻo Fpr a me SodA (SOD) ma Pseudomonas e ke kaumaha oxidative, a ua ʻike ʻia ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā hana SOD a me catalase i ʻehā mau ʻano Pseudomonas (O1, W1, As1, a me G1) i ka wā o ka ulu ʻana ma lalo o nā kūlana i hoʻohui ʻia me ka naphthalene (Kang et al., 2006). Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina e hiki i ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā antioxidants e like me ka ascorbic acid a i ʻole ka hao ferrous (Fe2+) ke hoʻonui i ka ulu ʻana o ka naphthalene. I ka wā i ulu ai ʻo Rhodococcus erythropolis i loko o ka naphthalene medium, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka transcription o nā genes cytochrome P450 e pili ana i ka oxidative stress me sodA (Fe/Mn superoxide dismutase), sodC (Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase), a me recA (Sazykin et al., 2019). Ua hōʻike ʻia ka loiloi proteomic quantitative hoʻohālikelike o nā cell Pseudomonas i mahi ʻia i loko o ka naphthalene ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻana o nā protein like ʻole e pili ana me ka pane koʻikoʻi oxidative he hoʻolālā hoʻoponopono koʻikoʻi (Herbst et al., 2013).
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā microorganism e hana i nā biosurfactants ma lalo o ka hana a nā kumu kalapona hydrophobic. ʻO kēia mau surfactants he mau hui amphiphilic surface active e hiki ke hana i nā aggregates ma nā interfaces aila-wai a i ʻole ka ea-wai. Hoʻolaha kēia i ka pseudo-solubilization a hoʻomaʻalahi i ka adsorption o nā hydrocarbons aromatic, e hopena ana i ka biodegradation kūpono (Rahman et al., 2002). Ma muli o kēia mau waiwai, hoʻohana nui ʻia nā biosurfactants i nā ʻoihana like ʻole. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā surfactants kemika a i ʻole biosurfactants i nā moʻomeheu bacteria hiki ke hoʻonui i ka pono a me ka wikiwiki o ka hydrocarbon degradation. Ma waena o nā biosurfactants, ua aʻo nui ʻia a wehewehe ʻia nā rhamnolipids i hana ʻia e Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Hisatsuka et al., 1971; Rahman et al., 2002). Eia kekahi, ʻo nā ʻano biosurfactants ʻē aʻe e komo pū me nā lipopeptides (mucins mai Pseudomonas fluorescens), emulsifier 378 (mai Pseudomonas fluorescens) (Rosenberg lāua ʻo Ron, 1999), trehalose disaccharide lipids mai Rhodococcus (Ramdahl, 1985), lichenin mai Bacillus (Saraswathy lāua ʻo Hallberg, 2002), a me ka surfactant mai Bacillus subtilis (Siegmund lāua ʻo Wagner, 1991) a me Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (Zhi et al., 2017). Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia mau surfactants ikaika e hōʻemi i ka ʻili mai 72 dynes/cm a i lalo o 30 dynes/cm, e ʻae ana i ka omo ʻana o ka hydrocarbon. Ua hōʻike ʻia e hiki iā Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Rhodococcus, Burkholderia a me nā ʻano bacteria ʻē aʻe ke hana i nā biosurfactants rhamnolipid a me glycolipid like ʻole i ka wā i ulu ʻia ai i loko o nā media naphthalene a me methylnaphthalene (Kanga et al., 1997; Puntus et al., 2005). Hiki iā Pseudomonas maltophilia CSV89 ke hana i ka biosurfactant extracellular Biosur-Pm i ka wā i ulu ʻia ai ma nā hui ʻala e like me ka naphthoic acid (Phale et al., 1995). Ua hōʻike ʻia ke kinetics o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o Biosur-Pm he hana ia e pili ana i ka ulu ʻana a me ka pH. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻoi aku ka nui o Biosur-Pm i hana ʻia e nā cell ma ka pH neutral ma mua o ka pH 8.5. ʻOi aku ka hydrophobic o nā cell i ulu ʻia ma ka pH 8.5 a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pilina no nā hui ʻala a me nā aliphatic ma mua o nā cell i ulu ʻia ma ka pH 7.0. Ma Rhodococcus spp. ʻO N6, ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o ka lakio kalapona i ka nitrogen (C:N) a me ka palena hao nā kūlana kūpono no ka hana ʻana o nā biosurfactants extracellular (Mutalik et al., 2008). Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka biosynthesis o nā biosurfactants (surfactins) ma o ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā ʻano a me ka fermentation. Eia nō naʻe, haʻahaʻa ka titer o ka surfactant i loko o ka medium culture (1.0 g/L), kahi e hoʻokūkū ai no ka hana nui (Jiao et al., 2017; Wu et al., 2019). No laila, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano hana ʻenekinia genetic e hoʻomaikaʻi i kona biosynthesis. Eia nō naʻe, he paʻakikī kona hoʻololi ʻenekinia ma muli o ka nui o ka operon (∼25 kb) a me ka hoʻoponopono biosynthetic paʻakikī o ka ʻōnaehana ʻike quorum (Jiao et al., 2017; Wu et al., 2019). Ua hoʻokō ʻia kekahi mau hoʻololi ʻenekinia genetic i loko o ka bacteria Bacillus, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hana surfactin ma o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka mea hoʻolaha (srfA operon), ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka protein surfactin export YerP a me nā mea hoʻoponopono ComX lāua ʻo PhrC (Jiao et al., 2017). Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻokō wale kēia mau ʻano hana ʻenekinia genetic i hoʻokahi a i ʻole kekahi mau hoʻololi genetic a ʻaʻole i hiki i ka hana kalepa. No laila, pono ka noiʻi hou ʻana i nā ʻano hana hoʻonui ʻike.
Hana nui ʻia nā haʻawina biodegradation PAH ma lalo o nā kūlana hoʻokolohua maʻamau. Eia nō naʻe, ma nā wahi i haumia ʻia a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​wahi i haumia ʻia, ua hōʻike ʻia nā mea abiotic a me biotic he nui (mahana, pH, oxygen, loaʻa o nā meaʻai, substrate bioavailability, nā xenobiotics ʻē aʻe, ka pale ʻana o ka huahana hope, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe) e hoʻololi a hoʻohuli i ka hiki ke degradative o nā microorganism.
He hopena koʻikoʻi ko ka mahana i ka biodegradation PAH. Ke piʻi aʻe ka mahana, emi iho ka nui o ka oxygen i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, kahi e hoʻopilikia ai i ka metabolism o nā microorganism aerobic, ʻoiai lākou e koi ana i ka oxygen molecular ma ke ʻano he hoʻokahi o nā substrates no nā oxygenases e hoʻokō ana i ka hydroxylation a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​reaction cleavage ring. Hoʻomaopopo pinepine ʻia ʻo ka mahana kiʻekiʻe e hoʻololi i nā PAH makua i nā hui ʻawaʻawa, no laila e pale ana i ka biodegradation (Muller et al., 1998).
Ua ʻike ʻia he nui nā wahi i haumia ʻia e ka PAH he mau waiwai pH koʻikoʻi loa, e like me nā wahi i haumia ʻia e ka hoʻokahe ʻana o ka lua waikawa (pH 1–4) a me nā wahi hoʻoheheʻe kinoea/lanahu kūlohelohe i haumia ʻia me ka alkaline leachate (pH 8–12). Hiki i kēia mau kūlana ke hoʻopilikia nui i ke kaʻina hana biodegradation. No laila, ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā microorganism no ka bioremediation, ua ʻōlelo ʻia e hoʻoponopono i ka pH ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā kemika kūpono (me ka hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia ka oxidation haʻahaʻa a haʻahaʻa loa) e like me ka ammonium sulfate a i ʻole ammonium nitrate no nā lepo alkaline a i ʻole ka liming me ka calcium carbonate a i ʻole magnesium carbonate no nā wahi acidic (Bowlen et al. 1995; Gupta lāua ʻo Sar 2020).
ʻO ka lako oxygen i ka wahi i hoʻopilikia ʻia ke kumu e kaupalena ana i ka wikiwiki no ka biodegradation PAH. Ma muli o nā kūlana redox o ke kaiapuni, ʻo nā kaʻina hana bioremediation in situ e koi pinepine i ka hoʻokomo ʻana o ka oxygen mai nā kumu waho (tilling, air sparging, a me ka hoʻohui kemika) (Pardieck et al., 1992). Ua hōʻike ʻo Odenkranz et al. (1996) ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka magnesium peroxide (kahi hui e hoʻokuʻu ana i ka oxygen) i kahi aquifer haumia hiki ke bioremediate pono i nā hui BTEX. Ua noiʻi kekahi noiʻi i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa in situ o ka phenol a me BTEX i loko o kahi aquifer haumia ma o ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka sodium nitrate a me ke kūkulu ʻana i nā luawai unuhi e hoʻokō ai i ka bioremediation maikaʻi (Bewley lāua ʻo Webb, 2001).