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Hiki i ka neʻe ʻana o nā ʻōpū a me nā ʻiʻo ke alakaʻi i nā hewa i ke kau ʻana o nā kukuna X i ka wā o ka radiotherapy. No laila, pono nā mea me nā waiwai mechanical a me radiological e like me ke kino e hoʻohālike i ka neʻe ʻana o nā ʻōpū no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka radiotherapy. Eia nō naʻe, he paʻakikī ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ia mau mea. Loaʻa i nā hydrogels Alginate nā waiwai e like me nā mea o ka matrix extracellular, e hoʻohiki ana iā lākou e like me nā mea like me ke kino. Ma kēia haʻawina, ua synthesized ʻia nā hua hydrogel alginate me nā waiwai mechanical a me radiological i makemake ʻia e ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o Ca2+ in situ. Ua kāohi pono ʻia ka lakio ea-a-volume e loaʻa ai nā hua hydrogel me nā waiwai mechanical a me radiological i wehewehe ʻia. Ua wehewehe ʻia ka macro- a me ka micromorphology o nā mea, a ua aʻo ʻia ke ʻano o nā hua hydrogel ma lalo o ke kaomi ʻana. Ua manaʻo ʻia nā waiwai radiological ma ke ʻano theoretical a ua hōʻoia ʻia ma ka hoʻokolohua me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka tomography computed. Hōʻike kēia haʻawina i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka wā e hiki mai ana o nā mea like me ke kino e hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o ka radiation a me ka kaohi maikaʻi i ka wā o ka radiotherapy.
ʻO ka radiation therapy kahi lāʻau lapaʻau maʻamau no ka maʻi kanesa1. ʻO ka neʻe ʻana o nā ʻōpū a me nā ʻiʻo e alakaʻi pinepine i nā hewa i ke kau ʻana o nā kukuna X i ka wā o ka radiation therapy2, hiki ke hopena i ka mālama pono ʻole ʻia o ka puʻupuʻu a me ka hoʻonui nui ʻia o nā cell olakino a puni i ka radiation pono ʻole. ʻO ka hiki ke wānana i ka neʻe ʻana o nā ʻōpū a me nā ʻiʻo he mea nui ia e hōʻemi i nā hewa localization tumor. Ua kālele kēia haʻawina i nā māmā, ʻoiai ke loaʻa nei lākou i nā deformations koʻikoʻi a me nā neʻe ʻana i ka wā e hanu ai nā maʻi i ka wā o ka radiation therapy. Ua hoʻomohala ʻia a hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano hoʻohālike finite element like ʻole e hoʻohālike i ka neʻe ʻana o nā māmā kanaka3,4,5. Eia nō naʻe, he mau geometries paʻakikī nā ʻōpū a me nā ʻiʻo kanaka a hilinaʻi nui ʻia i ka mea maʻi. No laila, he mea pono loa nā mea me nā waiwai like me nā ʻiʻo no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona kino e hōʻoia i nā hiʻohiʻona theoretical, e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka mālama lapaʻau i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia, a no nā kumu hoʻonaʻauao lapaʻau.
ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea hoʻohālike palupalu e hoʻokō i nā geometries hoʻonohonoho waho a me loko paʻakikī ua huki nui i ka nānā ʻana no ka mea hiki i kā lākou mau kūlike ʻole mechanical ke alakaʻi i nā hemahema i nā noi pahuhopu6,7. ʻO ke kumu hoʻohālike ʻana i nā biomechanics paʻakikī o ka ʻiʻo māmā, kahi e hoʻohui pū ai i ka palupalu loa, ka elasticity, a me ka porosity structural, he pilikia nui ia i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona e hana hou pololei i ka māmā kanaka. He mea koʻikoʻi ka hoʻohui ʻana a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o nā waiwai mechanical a me radiological no ka hana pono o nā hiʻohiʻona māmā i nā hana therapeutic. Ua hōʻoia ʻia ka hana additive he pono i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona kikoʻī o ka mea maʻi, e hiki ai ke hana wikiwiki i nā hoʻolālā paʻakikī. Ua hoʻomohala ʻo Shin et al. 8 i kahi kumu hoʻohālike māmā hiki ke hana hou ʻia, hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia me nā alaloa 3D-printed. Ua hoʻomohala ʻo Haselaar et al. 9 i kahi phantom e like loa me nā mea maʻi maoli no ka loiloi ʻana i ke ʻano kiʻi a me nā ʻano hōʻoia kūlana no ka radiotherapy. Ua hoʻomohala ʻo Hong et al10 i kahi kumu hoʻohālike CT umauma me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka paʻi 3D a me ka ʻenehana hoʻolei silicone e hana hou i ka ikaika CT o nā ʻeha māmā like ʻole e loiloi i ka pololei o ka quantification. Eia nō naʻe, hana pinepine ʻia kēia mau prototypes me nā mea nona nā waiwai kūpono he ʻokoʻa loa ia mai nā ʻiʻo māmā11.
I kēia manawa, hana ʻia ka hapa nui o nā phantom māmā i ka silicone a i ʻole ka polyurethane foam, ʻaʻole i kūlike me nā waiwai mechanical a me radiological o ka parenchyma māmā maoli.12,13 He biocompatible nā ​​hydrogels Alginate a ua hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka ʻenekinia ʻiʻo ma muli o ko lākou mau waiwai mechanical tunable.14 Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hana hou ʻana i ke ʻano palupalu loa, e like me ka foam e pono ai no kahi phantom māmā e hoʻohālike pololei ana i ka elasticity a me ka hoʻopiha ʻana i ka ʻiʻo māmā he mea hoʻokolohua mau ia.
Ma kēia haʻawina, ua manaʻo ʻia he mea elastic like ka ʻiʻo māmā. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka nui o ka ʻiʻo māmā kanaka (\(\:\rho\:\)) he 1.06 g/cm3, a ʻo ka nui o ka māmā i hoʻonui ʻia he 0.26 g/cm315. Ua loaʻa kahi ākea o nā waiwai modulus (MY) o Young o ka ʻiʻo māmā me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano hoʻokolohua like ʻole. Ua ana ʻo Lai-Fook et al. 16 i ka YM o ka māmā kanaka me ka hoʻonui like ʻana he 0.42–6.72 kPa. Ua hoʻohana ʻo Goss et al. 17 i ka elastography resonance magnetic a hōʻike i kahi YM o 2.17 kPa. Ua hōʻike ʻo Liu et al. 18 i kahi YM i ana pololei ʻia o 0.03–57.2 kPa. Ua manaʻo ʻo Ilegbusi et al. 19 i ka YM he 0.1–2.7 kPa ma muli o ka ʻikepili 4D CT i loaʻa mai nā poʻe maʻi i koho ʻia.
No nā waiwai radiological o ka māmā, hoʻohana ʻia kekahi mau palena e wehewehe i ke ʻano o ka launa pū ʻana o ka ʻiʻo māmā me nā kukuna X, me ka haku mele elemental, ka nui o ka electron (\(\:{\rho\:}_{e}\)), ka helu atomic kūpono (\(\:{Z}_{eff}\)), ka ikehu hoʻonāukiuki awelika (\(\:I\)), ka coefficient attenuation mass (\(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\)) a me ka ʻāpana Hounsfield (HU), e pili pono ana i ka \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\).
Ua wehewehe ʻia ka nui o nā electrons \(\:{\rho\:}_{e}\) ʻo ia ka helu o nā electrons no kēlā me kēia anakahi leo a ua helu ʻia penei:
kahi ʻo \(\:\rho\:\) ka nui o ka mea ma g/cm3, ʻo \(\:{N}_{A}\) ke kūpaʻa Avogadro, ʻo \(\:{w}_{i}\) ka hapa nui, ʻo \(\:{Z}_{i}\) ka helu atomika, a ʻo \(\:{A}_{i}\) ke kaumaha atomika o ka mea i-th.
Pili pono ka helu atomika i ke ʻano o ka pilina radiation i loko o ka mea. No nā hui a me nā hui ʻana e loaʻa ana kekahi mau mea (e laʻa, nā lole), pono e helu ʻia ka helu atomika kūpono \(\:{Z}_{eff}\). Ua hāpai ʻia ke ʻano hana e Murthy et al. 20:
ʻO ka ikehu hoʻonāukiuki awelika \(\:I\) e wehewehe ana i ka maʻalahi o ka mea i manaʻo ʻia e omo i ka ikehu kinetic o nā ʻāpana komo. Hōʻike wale ia i nā ʻano o ka mea i manaʻo ʻia a ʻaʻohe ona pili i nā ʻano o nā ʻāpana. Hiki ke helu ʻia \(\:I\) ma ka hoʻopili ʻana i ke kānāwai additivity a Bragg:
Hōʻike ka coefficient attenuation mass \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) i ka komo ʻana a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka ikehu o nā photons i loko o ka mea i manaʻo ʻia. Hiki ke helu ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia ʻano hana:
Ma kahi o \(\:x\) ka mānoanoa o ka mea, ʻo \(\:{I}_{0}\) ka ikaika o ke kukui i hoʻopili ʻia, a ʻo \(\:I\) ka ikaika o ka photon ma hope o ke komo ʻana i loko o ka mea. Hiki ke loaʻa pololei nā ʻikepili \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) mai ka NIST 12621 Standards Reference Database. Hiki ke loaʻa nā waiwai \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) no nā hui ʻana a me nā mea i hoʻohui ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kānāwai additivity penei:
He anakahi ana ʻole maʻamau ʻo HU no ke ana ʻana o ka radiodensity i ka wehewehe ʻana i ka ʻikepili computed tomography (CT), kahi i hoʻololi linear ʻia mai ke coefficient attenuation i ana ʻia \(\:\mu\:\). Ua wehewehe ʻia penei:
kahi ʻo \(\:{\mu\:}_{wai}\) ka coefficient attenuation o ka wai, a ʻo \(\:{\mu\:}_{ea}\) ka coefficient attenuation o ka ea. No laila, mai ke ʻano (6) ʻike mākou ʻo ka waiwai HU o ka wai he 0, a ʻo ka waiwai HU o ka ea he -1000. ʻO ka waiwai HU no nā māmā kanaka mai -600 a i -70022.
Ua hoʻomohala ʻia kekahi mau mea like o ke kino. Ua hoʻomohala ʻo Griffith et al. 23 i kahi kumu hoʻohālike like o ke kino kanaka i hana ʻia me ka polyurethane (PU) kahi i hoʻohui ʻia ai nā ʻano like ʻole o ka calcium carbonate (CaCO3) e hoʻohālike i nā coefficients attenuation linear o nā ʻano kino kanaka like ʻole me ka māmā kanaka, a ua kapa ʻia ke kumu hoʻohālike ʻo Griffith. Ua hōʻike ʻo Taylor24 i kahi kumu hoʻohālike like ʻole o ke kino māmā i hoʻomohala ʻia e Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), i kapa ʻia ʻo LLLL1. Ua hoʻomohala ʻo Traub et al.25 i kahi pani hou o ke kino māmā me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā Foamex XRS-272 nona ka 5.25% CaCO3 ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻonui hana, i kapa ʻia ʻo ALT2. Hōʻike nā Papa 1 a me 2 i kahi hoʻohālikelike o \(\:\rho\:\), \(\:{\rho\:}_{e}\), \(\:{Z}_{eff}\), \(\:I\) a me nā coefficients attenuation mass no ka māmā kanaka (ICRU-44) a me nā kumu hoʻohālike like o ke kino ma luna.
ʻOiai nā waiwai radiological maikaʻi loa i loaʻa, aneane nā mea phantom āpau i hana ʻia me ka polystyrene foam, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole hiki i nā waiwai mechanical o kēia mau mea ke hoʻokokoke aku i nā māmā o ke kanaka. ʻO ka modulus Young (YM) o ka polyurethane foam ma kahi o 500 kPa, kahi mamao loa mai ka maikaʻi loa i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā māmā kanaka maʻamau (ma kahi o 5-10 kPa). No laila, pono e hoʻomohala i kahi mea hou e hiki ke hoʻokō i nā ʻano mechanical a me radiological o nā māmā kanaka maoli.
Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā Hydrogels i ka ʻenekinia ʻiʻo. Ua like kona ʻano a me nā waiwai me ka matrix extracellular (ECM) a maʻalahi hoʻi e hoʻololi. Ma kēia haʻawina, ua koho ʻia ka sodium alginate maʻemaʻe ma ke ʻano he biomaterial no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā huʻa. He biocompatible nā ​​Alginate hydrogels a hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka ʻenekinia ʻiʻo ma muli o ko lākou mau waiwai mechanical hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia. ʻO ka hoʻohuihui elemental o ka sodium alginate (C6H7NaO6)n a me ke alo o Ca2+ e ʻae i kona mau waiwai radiological e hoʻololi ʻia e like me ka mea e pono ai. ʻO kēia hui pū ʻana o nā waiwai mechanical a me radiological hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia e hana i nā alginate hydrogels kūpono no kā mākou haʻawina. ʻOiaʻiʻo, he mau palena ko nā alginate hydrogels, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma ke ʻano o ka paʻa lōʻihi i ka wā o nā pōʻaiapuni hanu simulated. No laila, pono nā hoʻomaikaʻi hou aʻe a manaʻo ʻia i nā haʻawina e hiki mai ana e hoʻoponopono i kēia mau palena.
Ma kēia hana, ua hoʻomohala mākou i kahi mea huʻa alginate hydrogel me nā waiwai rho hiki ke hoʻomalu ʻia, elasticity, a me nā waiwai radiological e like me nā ʻiʻo māmā kanaka. E hāʻawi kēia haʻawina i kahi hopena maʻamau no ka hana ʻana i nā phantoms e like me nā ʻiʻo me nā waiwai elastic a me nā radiological hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia. Hiki ke hoʻopilikino maʻalahi ʻia nā waiwai o nā mea i kekahi ʻiʻo a me ke kino kanaka.
Ua helu ʻia ka lakio o ka ea i ka nui o ka huʻa hydrogel ma muli o ka pae HU o nā māmā kanaka (-600 a -700). Ua manaʻo ʻia he hui maʻalahi ka huʻa o ka ea a me ka alginate hydrogel synthetic. Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi lula hoʻohui maʻalahi o nā mea pākahi \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\), hiki ke helu ʻia ka hapa nui o ka ea a me ka lakio nui o ka alginate hydrogel i synthesized ʻia.
Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā ʻūpā hydrogel Alginate me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka sodium alginate (Māhele Helu W201502), CaCO3 (Māhele Helu 795445, MW: 100.09), a me GDL (Māhele Helu G4750, MW: 178.14) i kūʻai ʻia mai Sigma-Aldrich Company, St. Louis, MO. Ua kūʻai ʻia he 70% Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate (SLES 70) mai Renowned Trading LLC. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka wai deionized i ke kaʻina hana hoʻomākaukau ʻūpā. Ua hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka sodium alginate i loko o ka wai deionized ma ka mahana o ka lumi me ka hoʻoulu mau ʻana (600 rpm) a hiki i ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi hopena translucent melemele homogeneous. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo CaCO3 i hui pū ʻia me GDL ma ke ʻano he kumu Ca2+ e hoʻomaka ai i ka gelation. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo SLES 70 ma ke ʻano he surfactant e hana i kahi ʻano porous i loko o ka hydrogel. Ua mālama ʻia ka nui o ka alginate ma 5% a ua mālama ʻia ka lakio molar Ca2+:-COOH ma 0.18. Ua mālama ʻia hoʻi ka lakio molar CaCO3:GDL ma 0.5 i ka wā o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka huʻa e mālama i kahi pH kūlike. ʻO ka waiwai he 26. Ua hoʻohui ʻia he 2% ma ka nui o SLES 70 i nā laʻana āpau. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi kīʻaha me kahi uhi e kāohi i ka lakio hui ʻana o ka hopena a me ka ea. ʻO ka nui holoʻokoʻa o ka kīʻaha he 140 ml. Ma muli o nā hopena helu kumumanaʻo, ua hoʻohui ʻia nā nui like ʻole o ka hui ʻana (50 ml, 100 ml, 110 ml) i ka kīʻaha e hui pū me ka ea. Ua hoʻolālā ʻia ka laʻana e loaʻa ana he 50 ml o ka hui ʻana e hui pū me ka ea lawa, ʻoiai ua kāohi ʻia ka lakio nui o ka ea i nā laʻana ʻelua ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka mea mua, ua hoʻohui ʻia ʻo SLES 70 i ka hopena alginate a hoʻoulu ʻia me kahi mea hoʻoulu uila a hui piha ʻia. A laila, ua hoʻohui ʻia ka hoʻokuʻu CaCO3 i ka hui ʻana a hoʻoulu mau a hiki i ka hui piha ʻana o ka hui ʻana, i ka wā i loli ai kona kala i keʻokeʻo. ʻO ka hope, ua hoʻohui ʻia ka hopena GDL i ka hui ʻana e hoʻomaka i ka gelation, a ua mālama ʻia ka hoʻoulu mechanical ma ke kaʻina hana holoʻokoʻa. No ka laʻana e loaʻa ana he 50 ml o ka hui ʻana, ua hoʻōki ʻia ka hoʻoulu ʻana me ka mīkini i ka wā i pau ai ka loli ʻana o ka nui o ka hui ʻana. No nā laʻana e loaʻa ana he 100 ml a me 110 ml o ka hui ʻana, ua hoʻōki ʻia ka hoʻoulu ʻana me ka mīkini i ka wā i hoʻopiha ai ka hui ʻana i ka beaker. Ua hoʻāʻo pū mākou e hoʻomākaukau i nā huʻa hydrogel me ka nui ma waena o 50 ml a me 100 ml. Eia nō naʻe, ua ʻike ʻia ka paʻa ʻole o ke ʻano o ka huʻa, ʻoiai ua loli ma waena o ke kūlana o ka hui ʻana o ka ea piha a me ke kūlana o ka kaohi ʻana i ka nui o ka ea, e hopena ana i ka kaohi ʻana i ka nui like ʻole. Ua hoʻokomo kēia paʻa ʻole i ka maopopo ʻole i nā helu ʻana, a no laila ʻaʻole i hoʻokomo ʻia kēia pae nui i loko o kēia haʻawina.
Ua helu ʻia ka nui o ka huʻa hydrogel ma ke ana ʻana i ka nuipa a me ka nui o ka huʻa hydrogel.
Ua loaʻa nā kiʻi microscopic optical o nā hua hydrogel me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi kāmela Zeiss Axio Observer A1. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka polokalamu ImageJ e helu i ka helu a me ka nui o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā pores i loko o kahi hāpana ma kahi kikoʻī e pili ana i nā kiʻi i loaʻa. Ua manaʻo ʻia ke ʻano o ka pore he poepoe.
No ke aʻo ʻana i nā waiwai mechanical o nā huʻa alginate hydrogel, ua hana ʻia nā hoʻāʻo compression uniaxial me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mīkini TESTRESOURCES 100 series. Ua ʻoki ʻia nā laʻana i loko o nā poloka rectangular a ua ana ʻia nā ana o ka poloka e helu i nā stress a me nā strains. Ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka wikiwiki o ke poʻo crosshead ma 10 mm/min. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia ʻekolu mau laʻana no kēlā me kēia laʻana a ua helu ʻia ka mean a me ka standard deviation mai nā hopena. Ua kālele kēia haʻawina i nā waiwai mechanical compressive o nā huʻa alginate hydrogel ʻoiai ua hoʻokau ʻia ka ʻiʻo māmā i nā ikaika compressive ma kekahi pae o ke kaʻina hana hanu. He mea koʻikoʻi ka extensibility, ʻoiai e hōʻike i ke ʻano piha o ka ʻiʻo māmā a e noiʻi ʻia kēia ma nā haʻawina e hiki mai ana.
Ua scan ʻia nā laʻana hydrogel foam i hoʻomākaukau ʻia ma kahi scanner Siemens SOMATOM Drive dual-channel CT. Ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā palena scan penei: 40 mAs, 120 kVp a me ka mānoanoa o ka ʻāpana 1 mm. Ua kālailai ʻia nā faila DICOM hopena me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu MicroDicom DICOM Viewer e kālailai i nā waiwai HU o 5 mau ʻāpana kea o kēlā me kēia laʻana. Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā waiwai HU i loaʻa e CT me nā helu kumumanaʻo e pili ana i ka ʻikepili density o nā laʻana.
ʻO ka pahuhopu o kēia haʻawina, ʻo ia ke hoʻololi i ka hana ʻana o nā hiʻohiʻona kino pākahi a me nā ʻiʻo olaola hana ma o ka ʻenekinia ʻana i nā mea palupalu. ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea me nā waiwai mechanical a me radiological e kūlike me nā mīkini hana o nā māmā kanaka he mea nui ia no nā noi i kuhikuhi ʻia e like me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke aʻo ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau, ka hoʻolālā ʻoki kino, a me ka hoʻolālā ʻana i ka radiation therapy. Ma ke Kiʻi 1A, ua hoʻolālā mākou i ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā waiwai mechanical a me radiological o nā mea palupalu i hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā hiʻohiʻona māmā kanaka. A hiki i kēia lā, ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā mea e hōʻike ana i nā waiwai radiological i makemake ʻia, akā ʻaʻole i hoʻokō ko lākou mau waiwai mechanical i nā koi i makemake ʻia. ʻO ka polyurethane foam a me ka rubber nā mea i hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka hana ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona māmā kanaka deformable. ʻO nā waiwai mechanical o ka polyurethane foam (Young's modulus, YM) he 10 a 100 mau manawa ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā ʻiʻo māmā kanaka maʻamau. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia nā mea e hōʻike ana i nā waiwai mechanical a me radiological i makemake ʻia.
(A) Hōʻike kiʻi o nā waiwai o nā mea palupalu like ʻole a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me ka māmā kanaka ma ke ʻano o ka density, ka modulus a Young a me nā waiwai radiological (ma HU). (B) ʻAno diffraction X-ray o ka \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) alginate hydrogel me ka nui o 5% a me ka lakio molar Ca2+:-COOH o 0.18. (C) Ka laulā o nā lakio leo ea i nā huʻa hydrogel. (D) Hōʻike kiʻi o nā huʻa alginate hydrogel me nā lakio leo ea like ʻole.
Ua helu ʻia ka haku mele ʻana o nā alginate hydrogels me ka nui o 5% a me ka lakio molar Ca2+:-COOH o 0.18, a ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena ma ka Papa 3. Wahi a ke kānāwai hoʻohui i loko o ke ʻano ma mua (5), ua loaʻa ka coefficient attenuation mass o alginate hydrogel \(\:\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 1B.
Ua loaʻa pololei nā waiwai \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) no ka ea a me ka wai mai ka waihona ʻikepili kuhikuhi kūlana NIST 12612. No laila, hōʻike ka Kiʻi 1C i nā lakio leo ea i helu ʻia i loko o nā huʻa hydrogel me nā waiwai like HU ma waena o -600 a me -700 no ka māmā kanaka. ʻO ka lakio leo ea i helu ʻia ma ke kumumanaʻo he paʻa ia i loko o 60-70% ma ka pae ikehu mai 1 × 10−3 a i 2 × 101 MeV, e hōʻike ana i ka hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia o ka huʻa hydrogel i nā kaʻina hana hana ma hope.
Hōʻike ka Kiʻi 1D i ka hāpana huʻa alginate hydrogel i hoʻomākaukau ʻia. Ua ʻoki ʻia nā hāpana āpau i loko o nā cubes me ka lōʻihi o ka lihi o 12.7 mm. Ua hōʻike nā hopena ua hana ʻia kahi huʻa hydrogel homogeneous, ʻekolu-dimensionally stabil. Me ka nānā ʻole i ka lakio o ka lewa, ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi i ke ʻano o nā huʻa hydrogel i ʻike ʻia. ʻO ke ʻano hoʻomau ponoʻī o ka huʻa hydrogel e hōʻike ana ua lawa ka ikaika o ka pūnaewele i hana ʻia i loko o ka hydrogel e kākoʻo i ke kaumaha o ka huʻa ponoʻī. Ma waho aʻe o kahi liʻiliʻi o ka leaka wai mai ka huʻa, ua hōʻike pū ka huʻa i ka paʻa transient no kekahi mau pule.
Ma ke ana ʻana i ke kaumaha a me ka nui o ka hāpana huʻa, ua helu ʻia ka nui o ka huʻa hydrogel i hoʻomākaukau ʻia \(\:\rho\:\), a ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena ma ka Papa 4. Hōʻike nā hopena i ka hilinaʻi o \(\:\rho\:\) ma ka lakio nui o ka ea. Ke hui pū ʻia ka ea lawa me 50 ml o ka hāpana, lilo ka nui i mea haʻahaʻa loa a he 0.482 g/cm3. I ka emi ʻana o ka nui o ka ea i hui ʻia, piʻi ka nui i 0.685 g/cm3. ʻO ka waiwai p kiʻekiʻe loa ma waena o nā hui o 50 ml, 100 ml a me 110 ml he 0.004 < 0.05, e hōʻike ana i ke koʻikoʻi helu o nā hopena.
Ua helu ʻia hoʻi ka waiwai kumumanaʻo \(\:\rho\:\) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lakio o ka leo ea i kāohi ʻia. Hōʻike nā hopena i ana ʻia he 0.1 g/cm³ ka liʻiliʻi o \(\:\rho\:\) ma mua o ka waiwai kumumanaʻo. Hiki ke wehewehe ʻia kēia ʻokoʻa e ke kaumaha kūloko i hana ʻia i loko o ka hydrogel i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana gelation, kahi e hoʻoulu ai i ka pehu a no laila e alakaʻi ai i ka emi ʻana o \(\:\rho\:\). Ua hōʻoia hou ʻia kēia e ka ʻike ʻana o kekahi mau hakahaka i loko o ka huʻa hydrogel i nā kiʻi CT i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 2 (A, B a me C).
Nā kiʻi microscopy optical o nā huʻa hydrogel me nā ʻano leo ea like ʻole (A) 50, (B) 100, a me (C) 110. Nā helu kelepona a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka nui o nā pore i nā laʻana huʻa alginate hydrogel (D) 50, (E) 100, (F) 110.
Hōʻike ka Kiʻi 3 (A, B, C) i nā kiʻi microscope optical o nā laʻana hydrogel foam me nā lakio leo ea like ʻole. Hōʻike nā hopena i ke ʻano optical o ka hydrogel foam, e hōʻike maopopo ana i nā kiʻi o nā pores me nā diameters like ʻole. Ua helu ʻia ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka helu pore a me ke anawaena me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā ImageJ. ʻEono kiʻi i lawe ʻia no kēlā me kēia laʻana, ʻo kēlā me kēia kiʻi he 1125.27 μm × 843.96 μm ka nui, a ʻo ka huina o ka wahi i kālailai ʻia no kēlā me kēia laʻana he 5.7 mm².
(A) Ke ʻano o ke koʻikoʻi-kaʻa compressive o nā huʻa alginate hydrogel me nā lakio leo ea like ʻole. (B) Ke kūpono exponential. (C) Compression E0 o nā huʻa hydrogel me nā lakio leo ea like ʻole. (D) Ke koʻikoʻi compressive hope loa a me ke kaʻa o nā huʻa alginate hydrogel me nā lakio leo ea like ʻole.
Hōʻike ka Kiʻi 3 (D, E, F) he ʻano like ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka nui o ka pore, mai nā ʻumi micrometer a i kahi o 500 micrometer. He ʻano like ka nui o ka pore, a emi iki ia i ka emi ʻana o ka nui o ka ea. Wahi a ka ʻikepili hoʻāʻo, ʻo ka awelika o ka nui o ka pore o ka laʻana 50 ml he 192.16 μm, ʻo ka waena he 184.51 μm, a ʻo ka helu o nā pores no kēlā me kēia wahi he 103; ʻo ka awelika o ka nui o ka pore o ka laʻana 100 ml he 156.62 μm, ʻo ka waena he 151.07 μm, a ʻo ka helu o nā pores no kēlā me kēia wahi he 109; ʻo nā waiwai like o ka laʻana 110 ml he 163.07 μm, 150.29 μm a me 115, kēlā me kēia. Hōʻike ka ʻikepili he nui ka hopena o nā pores nui i nā hopena helu o ka awelika o ka nui o ka pore, a hiki i ka awelika o ka nui o ka pore ke hōʻike maikaʻi i ke ʻano o ka loli o ka nui o ka pore. I ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka hāpana mai 50 ml a i 110 ml, piʻi pū ka helu o nā pores. Ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā hopena helu o ke anawaena pore waena a me ka helu o nā pore, hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia me ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā pores liʻiliʻi i loko o ka hāpana.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻikepili hoʻāʻo mechanical ma nā Kiʻi 4A a me 4D. Hōʻike ka Kiʻi 4A i ke ʻano o ke koʻikoʻi-kaʻi compressive o nā hydrogel foam i hoʻomākaukau ʻia me nā lakio leo ea like ʻole. Hōʻike nā hopena he like nā ʻano koʻikoʻi-kaʻi nonlinear o nā laʻana āpau. No kēlā me kēia laʻana, piʻi wikiwiki ka pilikia me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke koʻikoʻi. Ua hoʻopili ʻia kahi piʻo exponential i ke ʻano koʻikoʻi-kaʻi compressive o ka hydrogel foam. Hōʻike ka Kiʻi 4B i nā hopena ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka hana exponential ma ke ʻano he kumu hoʻohālike kokoke i ka hydrogel foam.
No nā huʻa hydrogel me nā lakio leo ea like ʻole, ua aʻo ʻia hoʻi kā lākou modulus compressive (E0). E like me ka nānā ʻana o nā hydrogels, ua noiʻi ʻia ka modulus compressive Young ma ka pae o 20% mua o ke kaumaha. Hōʻike ʻia nā hopena o nā hoʻāʻo compression ma ke Kiʻi 4C. Hōʻike nā hopena ma ke Kiʻi 4C i ka emi ʻana o ka lakio leo ea mai ka laʻana 50 a i ka laʻana 110, piʻi ka modulus compressive Young E0 o ka huʻa alginate hydrogel mai 10.86 kPa a i 18 kPa.
Pēlā nō, ua loaʻa nā piʻo stress-strain piha o nā hydrogel foams, a me nā waiwai compressive stress a me nā strain. Hōʻike ka Kiʻi 4D i ke koʻikoʻi compressive hope loa a me ke koʻikoʻi o nā alginate hydrogel foams. ʻO kēlā me kēia kiko ʻikepili ka awelika o ʻekolu mau hopena hoʻāʻo. Hōʻike nā hopena e piʻi ana ke koʻikoʻi compressive hope loa mai 9.84 kPa a i 17.58 kPa me ka emi ʻana o ka nui o ke kinoea. Noho paʻa ke koʻikoʻi hope loa ma kahi o 38%.
Hōʻike ka Kiʻi 2 (A, B, a me C) i nā kiʻi CT o nā huʻa hydrogel me nā lakio leo ea like ʻole e pili ana i nā laʻana 50, 100, a me 110. Hōʻike nā kiʻi ua aneane like ka huʻa hydrogel i hana ʻia. Ua ʻike ʻia kahi helu liʻiliʻi o nā hakahaka ma nā laʻana 100 a me 110. ʻO ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o kēia mau hakahaka ma muli paha o ke kaumaha kūloko i hana ʻia i loko o ka hydrogel i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana gelation. Ua helu mākou i nā waiwai HU no 5 mau ʻāpana kea o kēlā me kēia laʻana a ua helu iā lākou ma ka Papa 5 me nā hopena helu kumumanaʻo e pili ana.
Hōʻike ka Papa 5 ua loaʻa i nā laʻana me nā lakio leo ea like ʻole nā ​​waiwai HU like ʻole. ʻO ka waiwai p kiʻekiʻe loa ma waena o nā hui 50 ml, 100 ml a me 110 ml he 0.004 < 0.05, e hōʻike ana i ke koʻikoʻi helu o nā hopena. Ma waena o nā laʻana ʻekolu i hoʻāʻo ʻia, ʻo ka laʻana me ka hui ʻana o 50 ml he mau waiwai radiological kokoke loa i nā māmā kanaka. ʻO ke kolamu hope loa o ka Papa 5 ka hopena i loaʻa ma o ka helu kumumanaʻo e pili ana i ka waiwai huʻa i ana ʻia \(\:\rho\:\). Ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka ʻikepili i ana ʻia me nā hopena kumumanaʻo, hiki ke ʻike ʻia ua kokoke nā waiwai HU i loaʻa ma o ka CT scanning i nā hopena kumumanaʻo, kahi e hōʻoia ai i nā hopena helu lakio leo ea ma ke Kiʻi 1C.
ʻO ka pahuhopu nui o kēia haʻawina, ʻo ia ka hana ʻana i kahi mea me nā waiwai mechanical a me radiological e like me nā māmā o ke kanaka. Ua hoʻokō ʻia kēia pahuhopu ma ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi mea hydrogel me nā waiwai mechanical a me radiological i hana ʻia me nā ʻiʻo i hoʻopilikino ʻia e like me ka hiki i nā māmā o ke kanaka. Ma ke alakaʻi ʻia e nā helu kumumanaʻo, ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā huʻa hydrogel me nā lakio leo ea like ʻole ma ka hoʻohuihui ʻana i ka hopena sodium alginate, CaCO3, GDL a me SLES 70. Ua hōʻike ka loiloi morphological ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi huʻa hydrogel paʻa ʻekolu-dimensional. Ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka lakio leo ea, hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia ka density a me ka porosity o ka huʻa i ka makemake. Me ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka nui o ka leo ea, emi iki ka nui o ka pore a piʻi ka helu o nā pores. Ua hana ʻia nā hoʻāʻo compression e kālailai i nā waiwai mechanical o nā huʻa alginate hydrogel. Ua hōʻike nā hopena aia ka modulus compressive (E0) i loaʻa mai nā hoʻāʻo compression ma ka pae kūpono no nā māmā o ke kanaka. Piʻi ka E0 i ka emi ʻana o ka lakio leo ea. Ua loaʻa nā waiwai o nā waiwai radiological (HU) o nā laʻana i hoʻomākaukau ʻia ma muli o ka ʻikepili CT o nā laʻana a ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā hopena o nā helu kumumanaʻo. Ua maikaʻi nā hopena. Ua kokoke pū ka waiwai i ana ʻia i ka waiwai HU o nā māmā kanaka. Hōʻike nā hopena he hiki ke hana i nā huʻa hydrogel e hoʻohālike ana i nā ʻiʻo me kahi hui kūpono o nā waiwai mechanical a me radiological e hoʻohālike ana i nā waiwai o nā māmā kanaka.
ʻOiai nā hopena hoʻohiki, pono e hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia nā ʻano hana hana o kēia manawa e kaohi maikaʻi i ka lakio o ka lewa a me ka porosity e hoʻohālikelike i nā wānana mai nā helu kumumanaʻo a me nā māmā kanaka maoli ma nā pae honua a me nā kūloko. Ua kaupalena ʻia ke aʻo ʻana o kēia manawa i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā mechanics compression, kahi e kaupalena ai i ka hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia o ka phantom i ka pae compression o ke kaʻina hanu. E pōmaikaʻi ka noiʻi e hiki mai ana mai ka noiʻi ʻana i ka hoʻāʻo tensile a me ke kūpaʻa mechanical holoʻokoʻa o ka mea e loiloi i nā noi hiki ma lalo o nā kūlana hoʻouka dynamic. ʻOiai kēia mau palena, hōʻailona ke aʻo ʻana i ka hoʻāʻo mua e hoʻohui i nā waiwai radiological a me nā mechanical i loko o hoʻokahi mea e hoʻohālike ana i ka māmā kanaka.
Loaʻa nā ʻikepili i hana ʻia a/a i ʻole i kālailai ʻia i ka wā o ke aʻo ʻana o kēia manawa mai ka mea kākau pili ma ke noi kūpono. Hiki ke hana hou ʻia nā hoʻokolohua a me nā ʻikepili.
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